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Walker, Stephen G. and Lawrence S. Falkowski.  1984.  “The Operational Codes of U.S. Presidents and Secretaries of State:  Motivational Foundations and Behavioral Consequences.”   Political Psychology 5:237-266.

Waltz, Kenneth N.  1979.  Theory of International Politics.  Reading, Mass.:  Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

Waltz, Kenneth N.  1993.  “Nuclear Myths and Political Realities.”  The Use of Force, 4^th edition.  Edited by Robert J. Art and Kenneth N. Waltz.  pp. 333-349.  New York:  University Press of America, Inc.

White, Ralph K.  1987.  “Underestimating and Overestimating Others’ Fear.”  Journal of Social Issues 43(4):105-110.

Yaphe, Judith.  2000.  “Tribalism in Iraq, the Old and the New.”  Middle East Policy 7(3):51-58.

Young, Michael and Mark Schafer.  1988.  “Is There a Method in Our Madness?  Ways of Assessing Cognition in International Relations.”  Mershon International Studies Review 42:63-96.

Zhebin, Alexander.  1995.  “Russia and North Korea:  An Emerging, Uneasy Partnership.”  Asian Survey 35(8):726-739.  On JSTOR:  http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004-4687%28199508%2935%3A8%3C726%3ARANKAE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T

RESEARCH DOCUMENTS

Iraq Image Indicators, 1969 to 1973

Annunzio, Frank.  February 6, 1969.  “Congressman Annunzio Introduces Resolution Condemning Iraq for Jewish Persecution.” Congressional Record.

Barrett, William.  January 30, 1969.  “A Special Immigrant Status Urged for Jewish Victims of Iraqi Persecution?”  Congressional Record.

Bayh, Birch.  August 17, 1972.  “Senator Bayh Asks for Bipartisan Support on Israel.”  Congressional Record.

Biaggi, Mario.  October 8, 1969.  “More Trials in Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Boland, Edward.  February 6, 1969.  “Protest Against Barbarous Acts of Iraqi Government.”  Congressional Record.

Brasco, Frank.  March 2, 1973.  “Neanderthal Man is Alive and Well in Iraq and Syria.”  Congressional Record.

Brooke, Edward.  January 29, 1969.  Congressional Record.

Case, Clifford.  January 29, 1969.  Congressional Record.

Celler, Emanuel.  January 29, 1969.  “Let Us Save the Living:  Iraqi Government, Please Note.” Congressional Record.

Cooper, John.  January 29, 1969.  Congressional Record.

Cramer, Wiliam.  February 5, 1969.  “Condemnation of Mass Executions by United States Essential if Middle East War is to be Averted.”  Congressional Record.

Cranston, Alan.  January 29, 1969.  Congressional Record.

Dodd, Thomas.  January 31, 1969.  “Will Moscow Help Restrain Iraq?”  Congressional Record.

Eilberg, Joshua.  January 30, 1969.  “Another Wave of Terror in the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Farbstein, Leonard.  January 28, 1969. “The Display of Bestiality in Iraq Yesterday.”  Congressional Record.

Fascell, Dante.  February 6, 1969.  “Fascell Joins Colleagues in Urging U.N. to Consider Iraqi Crisis in Security Council.”  Congressional Record.

Fong, Hiram.  February 4, 1969.  “Mass Hangings in Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Frenzel, Bill.  July 20, 1972.  “The Russian Departure.”  Congressional Record.

Friedel, Samuel.  January 30, 1969.  “Need for More Forceful U.S. Influence in the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Goodell, Charles.  January 29, 1969.  Congressional Record.

Halpern, Seymour.  February 6, 1969.  “A Plan to Evacuate the Jews of Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Hamilton, Lee.  September 29, 1971.  “The Soviet Union in the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Hamilton, Lee.  March 23, 1972.  “U.S. Interests in the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Hamilton, Lee.  June 7, 1972.  “The Soviet Union, the United States, and Middle East Oil.”  Congressional Record.

Hamilton, Lee.  May 8, 1973.  “The Plight of the Jewish Communities in Syria and Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Harrington, Michael.  March 21, 1973.  “Freedom for Iraqi Jews.”  Congressional Record.

Jackson, Henry.  December 31, 1970.  “Soviet Threat in the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Jackson, Henry.  September 23, 1971.  “To Maintain a Balance in the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Javits, Jacob.  July 17, 1968.  “Javits Calls for an Action Program to Bring About Middle East Peace.”  Congressional Record.

Javits, Jacob.  January 29, 1969.  “Iraq and the Middle East Situation.”  Congressional Record.

Javits, Jacob.  February 17, 1969.  “Iraqi Newspaper Described Public Hangings 6 Months Before They Occurred.”  Jacob.  January 29, 1969.  “Iraq and the Middle East Situation.”  Congressional Record.

Javits, Jacob.  December 15, 1969.  “The Soviet Response to Secretary Rogers.”   Congressional Record.

Javits, Jacob.  July 15, 1970.  “A New Crop in the Fertile Crescent.”  Congressional Record.

Javits, Jacob.  February 22, 1973.  “Tragedy in Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Kennedy, Edward.  February 4, 1969.  “Public Hangings in Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Kissinger, Henry.  1982.  Years of Upheaval.  Boston:  Little, Brown and Co.

Koch, Edward.  February 2, 1973.  “Persecution of Iraqi Jews Must Cease.”  Congressional Record.

Kuykendall, Dan.  February 5, 1969.  “Hanging of Jews is Barbaric.”  Congressional Record.

Lujan, Manuel, Jr.  February 3, 1969.  “Protesting Hanging of Jews in Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

McCormack, Mike.  June 7, 1972.  “Iraqi Oil Takeover.”  Congressional Record.

Mikva, Abner.  September 11, 1969.  “Condemnation of Iraqi Executions.”  Congressional Record.

Mollohan, Robert.  February 1, 1972.  “Iraq Expelling Thousands of Iranians.”  Congressional Record.

Montoya, Joseph.  January 29, 1969.  “Barbaric Behavior in Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Nixon, Richard.  1972.  “A Conversation with the President.” Public Papers of the President, 1971, 6-23.

Nixon, Richard.  1972.  “Radio Address About Second Annual Foreign Policy Report to the congress.”  Public Papers of the President, 1971, 212-218.

Nixon, Richard.  1972.  “Second Annual Report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy.”  Public Papers of the President, 1971, 219-345.

Nixon, Richard M.  1972.  A New Road for American:  Major Policy Statements, March 1970 to October 1971.  Garden City, New York:  Doubleday and Company, Inc.

Nixon, Richard.  1978.  The Memoirs of Richard Nixon.  New York:  Grosset and Dunlop.

Nixon, Richard.  1978.  The Nixon Presidential Press Conferences.  New York:  Earl M. Coleman Enterprises, Inc.

Pepper, Claude.  February 3. 1969.  “Iraqi Hangings:  A Brutal Spectacle.”  Congressional Record.

Pepper, Claude.  March 2, 1973.  “Abhorrent and Continuing Persecution of Jews in Iraq and Syria.”  Congressional Record.

Pucinski, Roman.  January 30, 1969.  “The United States Must Oppose any Four-Power Meeting on the Middle East Unless Israel Participates as a Full Partner.”  Congressional Record.

Pucinski, Roman.  July 8, 1970.  “The Middle East:  Time Running Out.”  Congressional Record.

Pucinski, Roman.  September 24, 1970.  “Soviet Union Cause of Middle East Turmoil.”  Congressional Record.

Rarick, John.  April 17, 1972.  “United States-Russian Oil Trade Propagandized Against Because Arabs Too Soviet Oriented.”  Congressional Record.

Rarick, John.  July 21, 1972.  “Arab Diplomacy—First Soviet Defeat.”  Congressional Record.

Ribicoff, Abraham.  January 28, 1969.  “Mass Execution.”  Congressional Record.

Ribicoff, Abraham.  February 4, 1969.  “President Al-Baker, of Iraq—Reckless Barbarian.”  Congressional Record.

Ribicoff, Abraham.  September 23, 1971.  Congressional Record.

Ribicoff, Abraham. September 6, 1972.  “The Tragedy at Munich—Senate Resolution 358, Expressing the Sense of the Senate on the Tragic Killings of Israeli Olympic Team Members of the 20^th Olympiad at Munich.”  Congressional Record.

Rogers, William.  January 27, 1969.  In Javits, Jacob.  January 29, 1969.  “Iraq and the Middle East Situation.”  Congressional Record.

Ryan, William.  January 30, 1969.  “A Special Immigrant Status Urged for Jewish Victims of Iraqi Persecution?”  Congressional Record.

Scott, Hugh.  January 28, 1969.  Congressional Record.

Scott, Hugh.  June 2, 1970.  “Senate Resolution 415—Submission of a Resolution Expressing the Sense of the Senate on the Growing Threat Posed by Soviet Pilots and Technicians in the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Sikes, Robert.  March 2, 1970.  “The Secretary Did Not Go Far Enough.”  Congressional Record.

Stevens, Ted.  September 8, 1972.  “Excessive Dependence on Oil and Gas Imports for Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Symington, Stuart.  April 30, 1970.  “Soviet Pilots in Egypt—The Growing Danger in the Mediterranean.”  Congressional Record.

Thompson, Frank, Jr.  January 28, 1969.  “Iraq’s Act of Barbarism.”  Congressional Record.

Vanik, Charles.  February 6, 1969.  “Condemnation of Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Williams, Harrison.  January 31, 1969.  “The Latest Crisis in Israel.”  Congressional Record.

Williams, Harrison.  May 5, 1970.  “Jets for Israel.”  Congressional Record.

Williams, Harrison.  July 10, 1970.  “The Middle East Crisis.”  Congressional Record.

Iraq Policy Preferences, October 1973 to March 1974

Abzug, Bella.  October 18, 1973.  “Our Commitment to Israel.”  Congressional Record.

Biaggi, Mario.  October 18, 1973.  “Support of Israel.”  Congressional Record.

Cohen, William.  October 23, 1973.  “Our Commitment to the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Dole, Robert.  October 8, 1973.  “Broad Implications of Mideast War.”  Congressional Record.

Dorn, Jennings.  October 24, 1973.  “Talks and Plans for Peace.”  Congressional Record.

Drinan, Robert.  October 23, 1973.  “The War in the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Findley, Paul.  October 17, 1973.  “As Ye Sow, S Shall Ye Reap in the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Findley, Paul.  October 18, 1973.  “Nixon Reaffirms U.N. Resolution 242.”  Congressional Record.

Fulbright, James.  October 9, 1973.  “Accomplishment of World Peace—Address by Senator Fulbright.”  Congressional Record.

Hartke, Rupert.  October 8, 1973.  “Peace.”  Congressional Record.

Holtzman, Elizabeth.  October 16, 1973.  “Present Situation in the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Javits, Jacob.  October 8, 1973.  “Resolution on Outbreak of Hostilities in the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Johnson, James.  October 17, 1973.  “U.S. Policy in the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Keating, Wiliam.  October 16, 1973.  “The Mideast Conflict.” Congressional Record.

Kennedy, Edward.  October 9, 1973.  “Middle East Crisis.”  Congressional Record.

Kissinger, Henry.  1974.  American Foreign Policy.  New York:  W.W. Nortan & Co., Inc.

Kissinger, Henry.  1982.  Years of Upheaval.  Boston:  Little, Brown and Co.

Long, Clarence.  October 18, 1973.  “Arms Inventories in the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Mansfield, Mike.  October 16, 1973.  “The Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Maraziti, Joseph.  October 25, 1973.  “Brinkmanship in the Mideast.”  Congressional Record.

McClure, James.  October 18, 1973.  “U.S. Policy i8 the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

McGovern, George.  October 8, 1973.  “The Arab-Israel Hostilities.”  Congressional Record.

Mizell, Wilmer.  November 13, 1973. “Report on Middle East Oil and the United States.”  Congressional Record.

Mondale, Walter.  October 11, 1973.  “The Mideast.”  Congressional Record.

Montoya, Joseph.  October 9, 1973.  “Additional Cosponsors of Resolutions: Senate Resolution 179.”  Congressional Record.

Nixon, Richard.  1978.  The Memoirs of Richard Nixon.  New York:  Grosset and Dunlop.

Nixon, Richard.  1978.  The Nixon Presidential Press Conferences.  New York:  Earl M. Coleman Enterprises, Inc.

Owens, Wayne.  November 26, 1973.  “Gas Rationing Needed Now.”  Congressional Record.

Podell, Bertram.  October 16, 1973.  “Maintain Full Support for Israel.”  Congressional Record.

Podell, Bertram.  October 17, 1973.  “We Must Stand Firm.”  Congressional Record.

Podell, Bertram.  October 25, 1973.  “A Chance for Peace.” Congressional Record.

Price, Robert.  October 31, 1973.  “National Interests in Light of Mideast Developments.”  Congressional Record.

Ribicoff, Abraham.  October 8, 1973.  “The Arab Attack on Israel.”  Congressional Record.

Roncallo, Angelo.  October 16, 1973.  “Danger:  World War III.”  Congressional Record.

Roth, William.  October 12, 1973.  “The Mideast.”  Congressional Record.

Ruppe, Philip.  October 24, 1973.  “War in the Middle East.”   Congressional Record.

Scott, Hugh.  October 9, 1973.  “The Middle East Conflict.”  Congressional Record.

Scott, William.  October 18, 1973.  “Involvement in Israel.”  Congressional Record.

Schweiker, Richard.  October 8, 1973.  “New Middle East Aggression.”  Congressional Record.

Talmadge, Herman.  October 11, 1973.  “The Situation in the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Tunney, John.  October 11, 1973.  “The Mideast.”  Congressional Record.

Vanik, Charles.  October 16, 1973.  “The Middle East Crisis.”  Congressional Record.

Williams, Harrison.  October 9, 1973.  “The Arab Attack on Israel.”  Congressional Record.

Wolff, Lester.  October 16, 1973.  “The War in the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Zion, Roger.  November 13, 1973.  “Report on Middle East Oil and the United States.”  Congressional Record.

Zion, Roger.  November 26, 1973.  Congressional Record.

Iraq Image Indicators, 1989 to 1990

The following sources came from Lexis/Nexis Academic:

Anderson, Glenn.  August 1, 1990.  “Why We Should Support the B-2.”  Congressional Record.

Baker, James.  January 17,  1989.  “Hearing of Senate Foreign Relations Committee:  Nomination of James Baker III for Secretary of State.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Baucus, Max.  October 4, 1989.  “Trade with the Soviet Union.”  Congressional Record.

Bentsen, Lloyd.  July 28, 1990.  “Iraq’s Threatening Moves in the Persian Gulf.”  CBS Evening News with Bob Schieffer.  Burrelle’s Information Services:  CBS New Transcripts.

Bingaman, Jessie.  April 2, 1990.  “Threats Posed by Chinese Missile Sales and Iraqi Missile and Nuclear Programs.”  Congressional Record.

Bond, Christopher.  August 1, 1989.  “National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991.”  Congressional Record.

Boren, David.  July 28, 1990.  “Iraq’s Threatening Moves in the Persian Gulf.”  CBS Evening News with Bob Schieffer.  Burrelle’s Information Services:  CBS New Transcripts.

Brown, Hank.  July 27, 1990.  “Food and Agricultural Resources Act of 1990:  Extension of Remarks.”  Congressional Record.

Bush, George.  March 31, 1989.  “President Bush Addresses Regional Reporters At White House Luncheon.”  From The White House.  Federal News Service.

Bush, George.  April 1, 1989.  “Bush Can’t Confirm that Iraq is Building Nuclear Warhead.”  St. Louis Post Dispatch.

Bush, George.  March 29, 1990.  “Iraqi Smuggling Effort Foiled 3 Arrested in Britain;  U.S. Devices Trigger; Nuclear Weapons.”  St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

Bush, George.  April 4, 1990.  “Bush Hits Iraqi’s Threat on Poison Gas.”  The Boston Globe.

Bush, George.  April 25, 1990.  “Iraq and the Threat of ‘Mid-Intensity’ Warfare.”  The San Francisco Chronicle.

Byrd, Robert.  June 1, 1989.  “Policy on Proliferation of Missiles and Weapons.”  Congressional Record.

Byrd, Robert.  February 21, 1990.  “Armenian Genocide Day of Remembrance.”  Congressional Record.

Cochran, William.  May 17, 1990.  “Chemical and Biological Weapons Control Act of 1989.”  Congressional Record.

Cohen, William.  April 1, 1990.  “This Week with David Brinkely.”  ABC News.

D’Amato, Alfonse.  April 20, 1990.  “Statements on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolutions.”  Congressional Record.

D’Amato, Alfonse.  May 17, 1990.  “Chemical and Biological Weapons Control Act of 1989.”  Congressional Record.

D’Amato, Alfonse.  June 15, 1990.  “Senate Foreign Relations Hearing on U.S.-Iraq Relations.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Dole, Robert.  April 13, 1990.  “Senator Robert Dole on Iraq, Israel and Trip to Middle East.”  CBS This Morning with Paula Zahn.  CBS News Transcripts:  Burrelle’s Information Services.

Dole, Robert.  April 20. 1990.  “The Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Dole, Robert.  May 17, 1990.  “Chemical and Biological Weapons Act of 1989.”  Congressional Record.

Dornan, Robert.  April 3, 1990.  “The Iraqi Threat Against Israel.”  Congressional Record.

Gejdenson, Samuel.  July 26, 1990.  “Food, Agriculture Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990.”  Congressional Record.

Gilman, Benjamin.  September 28, 1989.  “National Hostage Awareness Day.”  Congressional Record.

Gingrich, Newton.  April 3, 1990.  “Expressing Sense of Congress That the President Designate a Special Envoy to Negotiate Release of Americans Held Hostage in Lebanon.”  Congressional Record.

Gingrich, Newton.  April 19, 1990.  “House GOP Leadership Press Conference Reaction to Senator Dole’s Speech on the Middle East.”  News Makers and Policy Makers; The Middle East.  Federal Information Systems Corporation:  Federal News Service.

Glenn, John.  March 30, 1990.  “Senate Concurrent Resolution 113—Relative to Nuclear Sales to Southeast Asia.”  Congressional Record.

Glickman, Daniel.  July 26, 1990.  “Food, Agriculture Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990.”  Congressional Record.

Gorton, Slade.  May 21, 1990.  “The Chemical and Biological Weapons Control Act.”  Congressional Record.

Hamilton, Lee.  March 8, 1990.  “U.S. Policy in the Middle East and Persian Gulf.”  Congressional Record.

Hamilton, Lee.  July 28, 1990.  “Iraq’s Threatening Moves in the Persian Gulf.”  CBS Evening News with Bob Schieffer.  Burrelle’s Information Services:  CBS New Transcripts.

Heinz, John.  May 2, 1989.  “Hearing of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, Subject:  Chemical Biological Materials.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Helms, Jessie.  January 25, 1989.  “Chemical and Biological Warfare Prevention Act.”  Congressional Record.

Hyde, Henry.  March 23, 1989.  “President Carter’s Great Act of Statesmanship.”  Congressional Record.

Inouye, Daniel.  May 15, 1990.  “Statements on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolutions.”  Congressional Record.

Inouye, Daniel.  June 12, 1990.  “Looking to the Future:  American Defense Posture in a Changing World.”  Congressional Record.

Kasich, John.  June 6, 1990.  “Export Facilitation Act of 1990.”  Congressional Record.

Kyl, Jon.  June 27, 1990.  “SDI Discussions.”  Congressional Record.

Lagomarsino, Robert.  July 25, 1989.  “National Defense Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1990.”  Congressional Record.

Lantos, Tom.  February 23, 1989.  “Israel, the Mass Media, and the State Department Human Rights Report.”  Congressional Record.

Lantos, Tom.  March 2, 1989.  “Iraq’s Suffering Little Children.”  Congressional Record.

Lantos, Tom.  March 20, 1990.  “Iraq Again Violates Human Rights—The White House Again is Silent.”  Congressional Record.

Lantos, Tom.  April 3, 1990.  “Hussein Threatens Use of Poisonous Gas.”  Congressional Record.

Lantos, Tom.  April 18, 1990.  “The Administration in Wonderland.”  Congressional Record.

Lantos, Tom.  July 27, 1990.  “The Iraqi Bully—A New Hitler.”  Congressional Record.

Lautenberg, Frank.  July 31, 1990.  “Iraq’s Saddam Hussein.”   Congressional Record.

Leahy, Patrick.  February 26, 1990.  “Higher Technology Terrorism.”  Congressional Record.

Leahy, Patrick.  February 28, 1989.  “Biological and Chemical Weapons Sanctions.”  Congressional Record.

Levine, Meldon.  April 4, 1990.  “Bush Versus Israel.”  Congressional Record.

Levine, Meldon.  April 4, 1990.  “Iraq:  Outlaw State.”  Congressional Record.

Lieberman, Joseph.  March 30, 1990.  “Nuclear and Missile Proliferation.”  Congressional Record.

McCain,  John.  April 11, 1989.  “The Use of Call Signs in the Libyan MIG Shoot-Down:  The Need for Caution in an Era of Terrorism.”  Congressional Record.

McCain, John.  July 27, 1989.  “Statements on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolutions.”  Congressional Record.

McCain, John.  November 2, 1989.  “Statements on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolutions.”  Congressional Record.

McCain, John.  May 17, 1990.  “Chemical and Biological Weapons Control Act of 1989.” Congressional Record.

McCain, John.  April 1, 1990.  “Senator McCain; Richard Murphy, Near Eastern Affairs Expert.”  Face the Nation.  Burrelle’s Information Services:  CBS News Transcripts.

Metzenbaum, Howard.  April 20, 1990.  “The Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Metzenbaum, Howard.  May 17, 1990.  “Chemical and Biological Weapons Act of 1989.”  Congressional Record.

Metzenbaum, Howard,  June 12, 1990.  “United States-Iraqi Relations.”  Congressional Record.

Mikulski, Barbara.  March 22, 1990.  “Execution of British Journalist in Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Miller, George.  “United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.”  Congressional Record.

Murkowski, Frank.  April 20, 1990.  “Mideast Trip.”  Congressional Record.

Murkowski, Frank.  May 17, 1990.  “Chemical and Biological Weapons Control Act of 1989.”  Congressional Record.

Owens, Douglas.  July 27, 1989.  “National Defense Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1990.”  Congressional Record.

Pell, Claiborne.  January 17,  1989.  “Hearing of Senate Foreign Relations Committee:  Nomination of James Baker III for Secretary of State.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Pell, Claiborne.  January 18,  1989.  “Hearing of Senate Foreign Relations Committee:  Nomination of James Baker III for Secretary of State.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Pell, Claiborne.  April 20, 1990.  “The Antics of a Misguided Despot.”  Congressional Record.

Pell, Claiborne.  May 16, 1990.  “Chemical and Biological Weapons Control Act of 1989.”  Congressional Record.

Pell, Claiborne.  June 15, 1990.  “Hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subject:  US-Iraq Relations.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Pressler, Larry.  January 17, 1989.  “Hearing of Senate Foreign Relations Committee:  Nomination of James Baker III for Secretary of State.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Quayle, Dan.  June 29, 1989.  “Vice President Quayle Addresses the American Defense Preparedness Association National Academy of Sciences Topic:  Strategic Defense Initiative.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Quayle, Dan.  May 1, 1990.  “Vice President Quayle Addresses the Washington Institute on Near East Policy on Changing Superpower Relations and the Middle East.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Reid, Harry.  July 18, 1990.  “Mideast Water Speech.”  Congressional Record.

Roberts, Charles.  July 26, 1990.  “Food, Agriculture Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990.”  Congressional Record.

Rogers, Harold.  April 25, 1990.  “Concurrent Resolution on the Budget, Fiscal Year 1991.”  Congressional Record.

Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana.  April 4, 1990.  “Iraq Threatens Israel.”  Congressional Record.

Robb, Charles.  July 11, 1989.  “Senator Charles Robb Speaks to the AIPAC Conference.”  Congressional Record.

Schumer, Charles.  April 3, 1990.  “Proposed Sanctions Against Certain Suppliers to Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Solomon, Gerald.  April 4, 1990.  “Statement on China—Extension of Remarks.”  Congressional Record.

Specter, Arlen.  May 17, 1989.  “The Mideast Peace Process.”  Congressional Record.

Specter, Arlen.  January 23, 1990.  “The Mideast Peace Process.”  Congressional Record.

Specter, Arlen.  February 7, 1990.  “State Visits and Meetings with Foreign Leaders During Recent Recess.”  Congressional Record.

Specter, Arlen.  March 6, 1990.  “January 1990 Trip to Iraq and Meeting with President Saddam Hussein.”  Congressional Record.

Specter, Arlen.  March 9, 1990.  “Visit to the Senate by Members of the Iraqi National Assembly.”  Congressional Record.

Specter, Arlen.  May 17, 1990.  “Chemical and Biological Control Act of 1989.”  Congressional Record.

Spratt, John.  July 27, 1989.  “National Defense Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1990.”  Congressional Record.

Warner, John.  May 1, 1989.  “Successful Settlement of Part of the ‘Stark’ Compensation Claims.”  Congressional Record.

Webster, William.  February 9, 1989.  “The MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour”  Educational Broadcasting and GWETA.  Transcript #3364.

Webster, William.  February 9, 1989.  “Hearing of the Full Senate Governmental Affairs Committee and the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Subject:  On Chemical and Biological Weapons.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Webster, William.  February 10, 1989.  “Iran, Syria and Iraq ‘Stockpiling Chemical Arms.’”  The Times (London).

Webster, William.  March 1, 1989.  “Hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subject:  Chemical Weapons Proliferation.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Wilson, Pete.  July 27, 1989.  “National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991.”  Congressional Record.

Yatron, Gus.  April 18, 1989.  “Human Rights Violations.”  Congressional Record.

Iraq Policy Preferences, August 1990 to March 1991

The following sources came from Lexis/Nexis Academic:

Aspin, Les.  August 8, 1990.  “Press Conference with Representative Less Aspin:  Reaction to Statement by President Bush on Iraq Situation.” Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Aspin, Less.  November 15, 1990.  “Press Conference with Representative Les Aspin:  Operation Desert Shield.”   Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Baucus, Max.  September 13, 1990.  “Iraq Sanctions.”  Congressional Record.

Baker, James.  September 25, 1990.  “At the United Nations.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Baker, James.  August 3, 1990.  “Joint Statement and Press Conference by Secretary of States James A. Baker, III and Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze at Vukunovo II Airport Moscow.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Baker, James.  September 4, 1990.  “Hearing of the House Foreign Affairs Committee; Subject:  Persian Gulf Crisis.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Baker, James.  January 9, 1991.  “Press Conference with Secretary of State James Baker Following His Meeting with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Broomfield, William.  January 12, 1991.  “Saddam Hussein:  A Heavy Hitter in the Terrorist Big Leagues.”  Congressional Record.

Bryan, Richard.  December 20, 1990.  “Press Conference with Senators on Persian Gulf Trip.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  August 2, 1990.  “Press Conference of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and President George Bush Following Their Meeting.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  August 2, 1990.  “Remarks of President Bush Concerning Invasion of Kuwait.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  August 2, 1990.  “The White House Office of the Press Secretary For Immediate Relese Executive Order Blocking Kuwatti Government Property.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  August 3, 1990.  “Remarks by President Bush Upon His Departure for Camp David Regarding the Persian Gulf.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  August 5, 1990.  “Q & A with President Bush Upon His Arrival at the White House from Camp David.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  August 8, 1990.  “Press Conference with President Bush.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  August 8, 1990.  “President George Bush Address to the Nation Re:  Middle East Crisis.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  August 10, 1990.  “The White House, Office of the Press Secretary.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  August 12, 1990.  “Questions and Answers with President Bush.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  August 27, 1990.  “Remarks of President George Bush and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  September 11, 1990.  “Text of Remarks by President Bush to the Joint Session of Congress.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  September 21, 1990.  “Question and Answer Session by President Bush Prior to His Departure for Camp David.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  November 1, 1990.  “Press Conference with President Bush.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  December 18, 1990.  “President Bush Meets with Regional Reporters.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  January 8, 1991.  “Letter From the President to the Speaker of the House.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  January 16, 1991.  “Letter From the President to the Speaker of the House.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  January 16, 1991.  “Remarks by President George Bush Regarding the Launch of Attack on Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bush, George.  January 29, 1991.  “State of the Union Address.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Cheney, Richard.  August 27, 1990.  “From the Department of Defense.”   Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Cheney, Richard.  September 4, 1990.  “Fox Morning News.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

D.Amato,  Alfonse.  January 17, 1991.  “Press Conference with Senator Alfonse D’Amato.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).   

DeFazio, Peter.  January 9, 1991.  “United States Should Not Go to War With Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Dixon, Alan.  August 3, 1990.  “The Invasion of Kuwait by Iraq.” Congressional Record.

Fascell, Dante.  September 4, 1990.  “Hearing of the House Foreign Affairs Committee; Subject:  Persian Gulf Crisis.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Glenn, John.  September 5, 1990.  “Press Stakeout with Senator John Glenn Following his Meeting with President Bush.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Hamilton, Lee.  August 8, 1990.  “Press Conference with Representative Lee Hamilton in Reaction to President Bush Statement on Iraqi Situation.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Hamilton, Lee.  August 20, 1990.  “Fox Morning News Interview with Rep. Lee Hamilton.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Hoyer, Steny.  August 2, 1990.  “Fox Morning News.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Hubbard, Carroll.  August 28, 1990.  “Following the President’s Meeting with Congressional Leaders to Discuss the Situation in the Persian Gulf.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Hyde, Henry.  September 4, 1990.  “Hearing of the House Foreign Affairs Committee; Subject:  Persian Gulf Crisis.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Kaptur, Marcy.  October 11, 1990.  “Time to Offer Saddam a Way Out.”  Congressional Record.

Kasten, Robert.  August 9, 1990.  “Press Conference with Senator Robert W. Kasten, Jr. Regarding the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Kennedy, Edward.  November 30, 1990.  “Press Conference with Senator Kennedy.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Kerry, Robert.  August 26, 1990.  “Meet the Press with John Dancy.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Kohl, Herbert.  December 20, 1990.  “Press Conference with Senators on Persian Gulf Trip.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Kostmayer, Peter.  September 4, 1990.  “Hearing of the House Foreign Affairs Committee; Subject:  Persian Gulf Crisis.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Lantos, Tom.  August 3, 1990.  “The New Hitler of the Middle East.”  Congressional Record.

Lautenburg, Frank.  August 27, 1990.  “Larry King Live.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Lieberman, Joseph.  August 6, 1990.  “Fox Morning News.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Leach, James.  January 10, 1991.  “The Just War Doctrine and Its Implications for Maintaining International Order.”  Congressional Record.

Lugar, Richard.  November 13, 1990.  “Statement to the Press.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

McCain, John.  August 27, 1990.  “Larry King Live.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

McCain, John.  September 12, 1990.  “Fox Morning News Interview with Senator John McCain.”   Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Mitchell, George.  August 2, 1990.  “Statement Concerning Iraq’s Attack on Kuwait.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Mitchell, George.  August 8, 1990.  “Press Conference with Senator Mitchell:  Reaction to Statement by President Bush on Iraq Situation.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Mitchell, George.  December 20, 1990.  “Press Conference with Senators on Persian Gulf Trip.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Mitchell, George.  January, 29, 1991.  “Democratic Response to the President’s State of the Union Address.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Montgomery, Sonny.  September 4, 1990.  “Fox Morning News.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Robb, Charles.  December 20, 1990.  “Press Conference with Senators on Persian Gulf Trip.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Sarbanes, Paul.  August 31, 1990.  “Statement by Senator Paul Sarbanes Regarding his Upcoming Trip to the Middle East.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Schroeder, Pat.  August 24, 1990.  “Fox Morning News.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Scowcroft, Brent.  September 28, 1990.  “Special White House Briefing.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Shelby, Richard.  December 20, 1990.  “Press Conference with Senators on Persian Gulf Trip.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Simon, Paul.  December 20, 1990.  “Press Conference with Senators on Persian Gulf Trip.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Siman, Paul.  January 10, 1991.  “United States Senate Debate on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Use of Force.”  Congressional Record.

Solarez, Stephen.  December 1, 1990.  “American Interests Program #1010; War with Iraq:  Too Late to Turn Back?”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Visclosky, Peter.  September 24, 1990.  “Resolution to Investigate Iraq’s Actions by U.N. War Crimes Commission.”  Congressional Record.

Webster, William.  January 10, 1991.  “Text of Letter From CIA Director William Webster.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Iraq Image Indicators, 1997 to 1998

The following sources came from Lexis/Nexis Academic:

Abraham, Spencer.  October 7, 1997.  “Humanitarian Relief in Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Albright, Madeleine.  February 11, 1997.  “Addresses Georgetown University School of Foreign Service Conference on Iraq.”   Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Albright, Madeleine.  November 9, 1997.  “Gulf Crisis.”  Sunday Report.  Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

Albright, Madeleine.  November 14, 1997.  “Delivers Remarks with Foreign Minister of the United Kingdom.”  News Event.  Federal Document Clearing House.

Albright, Madeleine.  November 28, 1997.  “News Briefing with Secretary of State Madeleine Albright.”  State Department Briefing.  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Albright, Madeleine.  January 19, 1998.  “ABC World News This Morning.”  ABC News.  Federal Document Clearing House.

Albright, Madeleine.  January 29, 1998.  “Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright and French Foreign Minister Hubert Vedrine Press Remarks.”  State Department Briefing.  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Albright, Madeleine.  January 29, 1998.  “ABC Nightline.”  ABC News.  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Albright, Madeleine.  February 25, 1998.  “Text of Full Statement of Secretary of State Madeleine Albright.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Albright, Madeleine. March 4, 1998.  “Hearing of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing and Related Programs.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Albright, Madeleine.  March 10, 1998.  “Secretary of State Madeleine Albright Remarks to Government and Business Leaders.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Albright, Madeleine.  March 13, 1998.  “Tracking the Story.”  The News Hour with Jim Lehrer.

Albright, Madeleine.  April 1, 1998.  “Secretary of State Madeleine Albright Photo Op Remarks with Shaikh Hamad Bin Jasim Al Thani Foreign Minister of Qatar.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Albright, Madeleine.  April 2, 1998.  “Remarks by Secretary of State Madeleine Albright to the American Society of Newspaper Editors Luncheon.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Albright, Madeleine.  June 16, 1998.  “Hearing of the Foreign Operations Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Albright, Madeleine.  August 9, 1998.  “Bombs Rip Through U.S. Embassies in East Africa; Iraq Ends Cooperation With U.N. Disarmament Officials.”  CNN Late Edition With Wolf Blitzer.

Albright, Madeleine.  August 14, 1998.  “Dealing with Iraq.”  The News Hour with Jim Lehrer. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.

Albright, Madeleine.  November 3, 1998.  “Election ’98.”  The News Hour with Jim Lehrer. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.

Albright, Madeleine.  November 5, 1998.  “Who Did Win That War?”  ABC Nightline.  ABC News.

Albright, Madeleine.  November 12, 1998.  “Newsmaker.”  The News Hour with Jim Lehrer. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.

Albright, Madeleine.  November 13, 1998.  “Special State Department Briefing with Secretary of State Madeleine Ablright.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Albright, Madeleine.  November 13, 1998.  “Military Buildup Continues in the Gulf as the President Meets with His Top National Security Advisers to Discuss Iraq.”  Business Center.  CNBC, Inc.

Ashcroft, John.  February 27, 1998.  “Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Ashcroft, John.  September 2, 1998.  “Testimony of John Ashcroft Senator UN Weapons Inspection in Iraq; Senate Foreign Relations International Operations National Constitution Center.”  Congressional Testimony.  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Berger, Samuel.  October 31, 1997.  “News Hour With Jim Lehrer.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation.

Berger, Samuel.  November 9, 1997.  “CNN Late Edition With Frank Sesno.”  CNN.  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Berger, Samuel.  November 16, 1997.  “CNN Late Edition with Frank Sesno.”  CNN Transcripts.  Federal Document Clearing.

Berger, Samuel.  February 13, 1998.  “National Security Advisor Holds News Conference to Discuss U.S. Policy on Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Berger, Samuel.  August 7, 1998.  “Iraq’s Refusal to Cooperate is Unacceptable.”  ABC World News This Morning.

Berger, Samuel.  December 8, 1998.  “Advance Text of Remarks to be Delivered by Samuel R. Berger, Assistant to the President For National Security Affairs.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Cleland, Joseph.  March 17, 1998.  “The Iraqi Crisis:  Walking Softly and Carrying a Big Stick.”  Congressional Record.

Clement, Robert.  September 15, 1998.  “Hearing of the House International Relations Committee:  Ira Weapons Inspects.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Clinton, William.  April 4, 1997.  “Iraqi Helicopters.”  National Public Radio.

Clinton, William.  October 9, 1997.  “All Things Considered.”  National Public Radio.  Transcript number 97100902-212.

Clinton, William.  November 5, 1997.  “White House Comfortable with the UN’s Decision to Delay or Postpone Spy Flights Run by the US for the UN in Iraq.”  CBS This Morning.   CBS News Transcripts.

Clinton, William.  November 6, 1997.  “President Clinton Speaks on the Situation in Iraq.”  CNN:  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Clinton, William.  November 7, 1997.  “Clinton Won’t Rule Out Sanctions Against Iraq.”  ABC News:  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Clinton, William.  November 7, 1997.  “Former President George Bush on Sending Troops Into Iraq After Saddam Hussein.”  CBS This Morning.  Burrelle’s News Service.

Clinton, William.  November 9, 1997.  “Gulf Crisis.”  Sunday Report.  Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

Clinton, William.  November 13, 1997.  “Iraq Again Turns Away UN Weapons Inspection Teams With American Members Despite Yesterday’s UN Security Council Resolution Unanimously Condemning the Country.”  CBS This Morning.  Burrelle’s News Service.

Clinton, William.  November 14, 1997.  “President Clinton Bolsters American Firepower in Persian Gulf.”  CNN:  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Clinton, William.  November 14, 1997.  “President Clinton Sends Strong Message to Iraq To Stop Obstructing International Weapons Inspectors.”  NBC News Special Report:  NBC News Transcripts.

Clinton, William.  November 6, 1997.  “President Clinton Speaks on Fast-Track and the Situation in Iraq.”  CNN Worldview.

Clinton, William.  November 20, 1997.  “Remarks by President Bill Clinton at Breakfast for Religious Leaders.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Clinton, William.  November 23, 1997.  “President Clinton Press Conference with Canadian Prime Minister Chretien.”   Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Clinton, William.  December 16, 1997.  “Press Conference with President Bill Clinton.”  Burrelle’s Information Services.

Clinton, William.  December 17, 1997.  “President Clinton Holds News Conference to Discuss Iraq and Other Issues.”   CBS Morning News.  Burrelle’s Information Services.

Clinton, William.  January 28, 1998.  “Pentagon Prepares for Possible Military Strike in Iraq.”  CNN Morning News.  Federal Document Clearing House.

Clinton, William.  January 30, 1998.  “The News Hour with Jim Lehrer.”  MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.

Clinton, William.  February 4, 1998.  “CNN Live Event.”  CNN.  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Clinton, William.  February 6, 1998.  “President Clinton and British Prime Minister Tony Blair Discuss Global Issues and Take Questions from the Press.”  CBS News Special Report.  CBS News Transcripts.

Clinton, William.  February 17, 1998.  “President Clinton Delivers Remarks to Military Officers at the Pentagon.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Clinton, William.  February 17, 1998.  “Remarks by President Bill Clinton Following National Security Meeting to Discuss Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Clinton, William.  February 24, 1998.  “Delivers Remarks to the National Council of Jewish Women.”  FDCH Political Transcripts.  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Clinton, William.  March 3, 1998.  “Clinton Announces Support for Tougher Drunk Driving Standards; Issues Warning to Iraq.”  CNN Live Event/Special.

Clinton, William.  June 23, 1998.  “Clinton Tells U.N. ‘I Told You So” Regarding Iraq.”  CNN Newsday.

Clinton, William.  September 2, 1998.  “Joint Press Conference with President Bill Clinton and Russian President Boris Yeltsin.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Clinton, William.  October 31, 1998.  “Statement by the President on Signing the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 as Released by the White House.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Clinton, William.  November 2, 1998.  “Remarks by President Bill Clinton.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Clinton, William.  November 11, 1998.  “Showdown with Iraq:  Pentagon Builds UP Gulf Forces; No Reaction From Baghdad.”  CNN Today. CNN.

Clinton, William.  November 12, 1998.  “Threat of US Attack on Iraq Growing.”  NBC News Transcripts.  National Broadcasting Co., Inc.

Clinton, William.  November 13, 1998.  “Military Buildup Continues in the Gulf as the President Meets with His Top National Security Advisers to Discuss Iraq.”  Business Center.  CNBC, Inc.

Clinton, William.  November 13, 1998.  “Remarks by President Bill Clinton.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Clinton, William.  November 15, 1998.  “President Clinton Comments on Iraq’s Decision to Comply with Weapons Inspections and the Aversion of a US Air Strike.”  CBS News. Burrelle’s Information Services.

Cohen, William.  October 31, 1997.  “The News Hour with Jim Lehrer.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Cohen, William.  November 4, 1997.  “Press Availability with Secretary of Defense William Cohen and Israeli Defense Minister Yitzhak Mordechai.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Cohen, William.  November 10, 1997. “Pentagon Cautious.”  All Things Considered (NPR).  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Cohen, William.  November 14, 1997.  “Makes Statement on U.S. Military Posture in the Persian Gulf Area.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Cohen, William.  November 14, 1997.  “UN Considers Response to Iraq.”  ABC Good Morning America.  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Cohen, William.  November 14, 1997.  “US Defense Secretary William Cohen on US Preparedness for Action Against Saddam Hussein.”  CBS Evening News.  Burrelle’s Information Services.

Cohen, William.  November 24, 1997.  “Holds News Conference on the Standoff with Iraq.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Cohen, William.  February 7, 1998.  “Secretary Cohen Visits NATO Allies for Support.”  ABC World News Saturday. ABC News.

Cohen, William.  February 17, 1998.  "Remarks by President Bill Clinton Following National Security Meeting to Discuss Iraq."  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Cohen, William.  March 15, 1998.  “William Cohen Discusses U.N. Weapons Inspection in Iraq and Ethnic Slaughter in Kosovo.”  CNN Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer.

Cohen, William.  March 26, 1998.  “Beyond Hatred.”  The News Hour with Jim Lehrer.

Cohen, William.  May 2, 1998.  “Secretary of Defense William Cohen.”  CNN Evans & Novak.

Cohen, William.  October 6, 1998.  “Senate Armed Services Committee Hearing.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Cohen, William.  November 10, 1998.  “U.S. Prepares Military Options as Diplomacy With Iraq Fails.”  CNN Worldview.  CNN.

Cohen, William.  November 12, 1998.  “Threat of US Attack on Iraq Growing.”  NBC News Transcripts.  National Broadcasting Co., Inc.

Enzi, Michael.  February 27, 1997.  “Our Gift of Freedom.”  Congressional Record.

Filner, Robert.  May 1. 1997.  “Self Determination for the Kurds.”  Congressional Record.

Gephardt, Richard.  February 12, 1998.  “Calling for the Resolution Supporting the President on Iraqi Policy.”  Congressional Record.

Gibbons, James.  August 7, 1998.  “Saddam Hussein at it Again.”  Congressional Record.

Gilman, Benjamin.  February 11, 1997.  “House Hearing Before the House International Relations Committee.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Gilman, Benjamin.  August 1, 1997.  “Gilman Sponsors Legislation Urging War Crimes Tribunal Against Saddam Hussein.”  Congressional Record.

Gilman, Benjamin.  November 13, 1997.  “Expressing Sense of House Concerning Need for International Criminal Tribunal to Try Members of Iraqi Regime.”  Congressional Record.

Gilman, Benjamin.  August 3, 1998.  “Finding Government of Iraq in Breach of International Obligations.”  Congressional Record.

Gilman, Benjamin.  October 1, 1998.  “Introduction of H.R. 4566—Iraq Liberation Act of 1998:  Extension of Remarks.”  Congressional Record.

Gingrich, Newton.  November 2, 1997.  “Senators and Representatives Discuss Various Political Topics.”  Meet The Press.  NBC News Transcripts.

Gingrich, Newton.  February 12, 1998.  “Supporting the President on Iraqi Policy.”  Congressional Record.

Glenn, John.  March 5, 1997.  “Another Milestone for the NPT.” Congressional Records.

Gore, Al.  February 17, 1998.  “Remarks by President Bill Clinton Following National Security Meeting to Discuss Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Grams, Rod.  February 27, 1998.  On Iraq—Title Unknown.  Congressional Record.

Gregg, Judd.  February 12, 1998.  “Addressing Iraq in Context.”  Congressional Record.

Hamilton, Lee.  August 3, 1998.  “Finding Government of Iraq in Breach of International Obligations.”  Congressional Record.

Hamilton, Lee.  September 15, 1998.  “Hearing of the House International Relations Committee:  Ira Weapons Inspects.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Hastings, Alcee Lamar.  November 13, 1997.  “Expressing Sense of House Concerning Need for International Criminal Tribunal to Try Members of Iraqi Regime.”  Congressional Record.

Inhofe, James.  March 5, 1997.  “Senate Hearing of the Strategic Forces Subcommittee of the Senate Armed Services Committee.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Kerry, John.  April 16, 1997.  “The Chemical Weapons Treaty.”  Congressional Records.

Kerry, John.  November 9, 1997.  “Iraq Situation.”  Congressional Records.

Kerry, John.  November 9, 1997.  “We Must Be Firm With Saddam Hussein.”  Congressional Records.

Kerry, John.  February 25, 1998.  “Iraq Policy.”  Congressional Records.

Kyl, John.  April 23, 1997.  “Chemical Weapons Convention.”  Congressional Records.

Kyl, John.  May 1, 1997.  “Chemical Weapons Convention.”  Congressional Records.

Kyl, John.  March 2, 1998.  “Iraq.”  Congressional Records.

Kyl, John.  August 31, 1998.  “U.S. Policy Toward Iraq.”  Congressional Records.

Lantos, Thomas.  November 12, 1997.  “Introduction of Resolution Calling for Resolving Peacefully Through Diplomatic Means the Situation in Iraq.”  Congressional Records.

Lantos, Thomas.  November 13, 1997.  “Expressing Sense of House Concerning Need for International Criminal Tribunal to Try Members of Iraqi Regime.”  Congressional Record.

Leahy, Patrick.  February 26, 1998.  “Avoiding War in Iraq.”  Congressional Records.

Lieberman, Joseph.  November 13, 1997.  “Bosnia and Iraq.”  Congressional Records.

Levin, Carl.  March 4, 1998.  “Recent Developments Relating to Iraq.”  Congressional Records.

Levin, Carl.  October 6, 1998.  “Senate Armed Services Committee Hearing.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Levin, Carl.  October 9, 1998.  “Concern Over Recent Developments in Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

McCain, John.  November 5, 1997.  “Situation in Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

McCollum, Bill.  June 10, 1997.  “Hearing of the Crime Subcommittee of the House Judiciary Committee on Banning Transactions with Terrorist Countries.”   Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Murkowski, Frank.  February 12, 1998.  “Senate Concurrent Resolution 76—Enforcing the Embargo on the Export of Oil From Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Paul, Ronald.  January 27, 1998.  “Bombing Iraq Would be the Result of Flawed Foreign Policy.”  Congressional Record.

Porter, John.  November 13, 1997.  “Expressing Sense of House Concerning Need for International Criminal Tribunal to Try Members of Iraqi Regime.”  Congressional Record.

Rohrabacher, Dana.  March 18, 1997.  “Kuwaitis Still Being Held Prisoner by Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Saxton, Jim.  October 21, 1997.  “House Hearing on Israel’s Economic Future.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Sessions, Pete.  April 25, 1997.  “The Chemical Weapons Convention.”  Congressional Record.

Shelton, Hugh (General). February 17, 1998.  “Remarks by President Bill Clinton Following National Security Meeting to Discuss Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Specter, Arlen.  March 12, 1998.  “Indictment and Prosecution of Saddam Hussein.”  Congressional Record.

Tenet, George.  January 28, 1990.  “US Makes Final Diplomatic Effort with Iraq Over Weapons Inspections as it Prepares for Military Force.”  NBC Nightly News.  NBC News Transcripts.

Tenet, George.  January 30, 1998.  “The News Hour with Jim Lehrer.”  MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.

Thurmond, Strom.  October 6, 1998.  “Senate Armed Services Committee Hearing.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Torricelli, Robert.  November 13, 1997.  “Personal Message to Saddam Hussein.”  Congressional Record.

Weldon, Curt.  February 27, 1997.  “Kuwaiti POWs in Iraq.”  Congressional Records.

Weldon, Curt.  November 22, 1997.  “Republican Response to the President’s Radio Address.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Wexler, Robert.  February 26, 1998.  “What Next in Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Iraq Policy Preferences, December 1998

The following sources came from Lexis/Nexis Academic:

Abercrombie, Neil.  December 17, 1998.  “News Conference With House Democrats Regarding the Impeachment Vote and the Military Action in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Albright, Madeleine.  December 16, 1998.  “U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright Holds News Briefing To Discuss U.S. Military Action Against Iraq.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Albright, Madeleine.  December 17, 1998.  “Madeleine Albright Holds Briefing on the Military Action Against Iraq.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Albright, Madeleine.  December 17, 1998.  “Newsmaker Interview with U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright.”  McNeil/Lehrer News Hour.

Bateman, Herbert.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Berger, Samuel.  December 16, 1998.  “Sandy Berger Holds News Briefing on the U.S. Military Action Against Iraq.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Biden, Joseph.  December 16, 1998.  “Sen. Joseph Biden Press Availability Re:  Today’s U.S.-Led Attack on Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bonier, David.  December 17, 1998.  “Rep. David Bonior Statement During House Floor Debate on a Resolution in Support of Military Strikes.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Bonier, David. December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record.   

Brown, Corrine.  December 17, 1998.  “News Conference With House Democrats Regarding the Impeachment Vote and the Military Action in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Buyer, Stephen.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Chabot, Steve.  December 16, 1998.  “Stakeout Remarks by House Democrats After Party Caucus Meeting RE:  Impeachment Proceeding and Today’s Military Strikes in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Clinton, William.  December 16, 1998.  “William J. Clinton Addresses the Nation on Iraqi Crisis.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Clinton, William.  December 17, 1998.  “President Clinton Makes Remarks During Photo OP with Cabinet.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Clinton, William.  December 17, 1998.  “William J. Clinton Makes Remarks During Cabinet Meeting.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Clinton, William.  December 18, 1998.  “William J. Clinton Addresses the Muslim World.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Clinton, William.  December 19, 1998.  “William J. Clinton Makes Statement on U.S. Military Strikes Against Iraq.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Clinton, William.  December 19, 1998.  “President Clinton’s Weekly Radio Address.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Cohen, William.  December 16, 1998.  “William Cohen Holds News Briefing on the U.S. Military Action Against Iraq.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Cohen, William.  December 17, 1998.  “William Cohen Holds News Briefing to Discuss U.S. Military Action Against Iraq.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Cohen, William.  December 18, 1998.  “Special Defense Briefing by Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen and General H. Hugh Shelton, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff.” Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Cohen, William.  December 19, 1998.  “William Cohen Holds News Briefing to Announce Conclusion of U.S. Military Action Against Iraq.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Cohen, William.  December 19, 1998.  “William Cohen Holds a News Briefing on Operation Desert Fox.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Conyers, John.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces.”  Congressional Record.

Dicks, Norman.  December 17, 1998.  “News Conference With House Democrats Regarding the Impeachment Vote and the Military Action in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Edwards, Chet.  December 17, 1998.  “News Conference With House Democrats Regarding the Impeachment Vote and the Military Action in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Edwards, Chet.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Engel, Eliot.  December 16, 1998.  “Stakeout Remarks by House Democrats After Party Caucus Meeting RE:  Impeachment Proceeding and Today’s Military Strikes in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Fowler, Tillie.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Frost, Martin.  December 16, 1998.  “Stakeout Remarks by House Democrats After Party Caucus Meeting RE:  Impeachment Proceeding and Today’s Military Strikes in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Gephardt, Richard.  December 16, 1998.  “Stakeout Remarks by House Democrats After Party Caucus Meeting RE:  Impeachment Proceeding and Today’s Military Strikes in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Gephardt, Richard.  December 17, 1998.  “Remarks by House Minority Leader Richard Gephardt During House Floor Debate on A Resolution in Support of Military Strikes Against Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Gilchrest, Wayne.  December 17, 1998.  Title Unknown.  Congressional Record.

Gilman, Benjamin.  December 17, 1998.  “Remarks by Rep. Benjamin Gilman During House Floor Debate on a Resolution in Support of Military Strikes Against Iraq.”   Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Gilman, Benjamin.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Gingrich, Newton.  December 16, 1998.  “U.S. Representative New Gingrich Delievers Remarks on the U.S. Military Strike Against Iraq.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Gingrich, Newton.  December 17, 1998.  “U.S. Representative New Gingrich Delievers Remarks on the U.S. Military Strike Against Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Gingrich, Newton.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Goss, Porter.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Hastings, Alcee Lamar.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Hefley, Joel.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

John, Christopher.  December 17, 1998.  "Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region."  Congressional Record. 

Kerry, John.  December 16, 1998.  “Remarks by Senator John Kerry.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Livingston, Robert.  December 16, 1998.  “U.S. Representative Bob Livingston Delivers Remarks on Impeachment and the Bombing of Iraq.”  Federal Document Clearing House.

McHale, Paul.  December 17, 1998.  “News Conference With House Democrats Regarding the Impeachment Vote and the Military Action in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Nadler, Jerrold.  December 16, 1998.  “Stakeout Remarks by House Democrats After Party Caucus Meeting RE:  Impeachment Proceeding and Today’s Military Strikes in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Ortiz, Solomon.  December 17, 1998.  “News Conference With House Democrats Regarding the Impeachment Vote and the Military Action in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Paul, Ronald.  December 16, 1998.  “U.S. Representative Ron Paul Speaks to the Press About the Iraqi Crisis.”  Federal Document Clearing House.

Paul, Ronald.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Reyes, Silverstre.  December 17, 1998.  “News Conference With House Democrats Regarding the Impeachment Vote and the Military Action in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Reyes, Silverstre.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Rodriguez, Ciro.  December 17, 1998.  “News Conference With House Democrats Regarding the Impeachment Vote and the Military Action in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Rohrbacher, Dana.  December 17, 1998.  “Remarks by Rep. Dana Rohrabacher During House Floor Debate on a Resolution in Support of Military Strikes Against Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Roybal-Allard, Lucille.  December 17, 1998.  ““Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Sanders, Bernard.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Sanford, Marshall.  December 19, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Shelton, Hugh (General).  December 18, 1998.  “Special Defense Briefing by Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen and General H. Hugh Shelton, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff.” Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Sherman, Brad.  December 16, 1998.  “Stakeout Remarks by House Democrats After Party Caucus Meeting RE:  Impeachment Proceeding and Today’s Military Strikes in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Sherman, Brad.  December 17, 1998.  “News Conference With House Democrats Regarding the Impeachment Vote and the Military Action in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Skaggs, David.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Skelton, Ike.  December 17, 1998.  “News Conference With House Democrats Regarding the Impeachment Vote and the Military Action in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Sketon, Ike.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Spence, Floyd.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

Spence, Floyd.  December 17, 1998.  “Remarks by Rep. Floyd Spence Chairman, House National Security Committee Regarding a Resolution in Support of the American Troops.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Turner, Jim.  December 17, 1998.  “News Conference With House Democrats Regarding the Impeachment Vote and the Military Action in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Warner, John.  December 16, 1998.  “Press Conference with Senator John Warner.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

Waxman, Henry.  Engel, Eliot.  December 16, 1998.  “Stakeout Remarks by House Democrats After Party Caucus Meeting RE:  Impeachment Proceeding and Today’s Military Strikes in Iraq.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation (Federal News Service).

And the Following:  Mr. TRAFICANT; Mr. DUNCAN; Mr. HAYWORTH; Ms. FURSE; Mr. SOLOMON; Mr. MCHALE; Mr. SISISKY; Mr. BURR OF NORTH CAROLINA; Mr. HOYER; Mr. HUNTER; Mr. SHERMAN; Mr. CALVERT; Mr. KIND; Mr. CHAMBLISS; Mr. FROST; Mr. COOK; Mr. WEXLER; Mr.CUNNINGHAM; Mr.MENENDEZ; Mr. FOLEY; Mr. ROTHMAN; Mr. HUTCHINSON; Mr. DEFAZIO; Ms. JACKSON- LEE OF TEXAS; Mr. PACKARD; Mr. MEEHAN; Mr. CLEMENT; Mr. GEKAS; Ms. PELOSI; Mr. ENGEL; Mr. GREEN; Mr. BALDACCI; Mr. TURNER; Mr. STEARNS.  December 17, 1998.  “Expressing Unequivocal Support for Men and Women of Our Armed Forces Currently Carrying Out Missions in and Around Persian Gulf Region.”  Congressional Record. 

North Korea Image Indicators, 1966 to 1968

Dodd, Thomas.  March 6, 1967.  “The Precedent of Panmunjom.”  Congressional Record.

Goldberg, Arthur.  February 12, 1968.  “U.N Command in Korea Submits Special Report.”  Department of State Bulletin. 

Goldberg, Arthur.  November 20, 1967.  “Report on North Korean Violations of DMZ Transmitted to U.N.”  Department of State Bulletin, vol. LVII, no. 1482.

Johnson, Lyndon.  July 15, 1966.  “Vietnam War.”  Vital Speeches of the Day.

Johnson, Lyndon.  July 23, 1966.  “Remarks at the Dedication of the AMVETS National Headquarters Building.”  1966 Public Papers of the President.

Johnson, Lyndon.  August 1, 1966.  “United States Asian Policy.”  Vital Speeches of the Day.

Johnson, Lyndon.  October 20, 1966.  “Remarks at the Parliamentary Luncheon, Wellington, New Zealand.”  1966 Public Papers of the President.

Johnson, Lyndon.  October 31, 1966.  “The President’s Toast at a Dinner Given in His Honor by President and Mrs. Park of Korea.”  1966 Public Papers of the President.

Johnson, Lyndon.  November 2, 1966.  “Remarks Before the Korean National Assembly, Seoul, Korea.”  1966 Public Papers of the President.

Johnson, Lyndon.  November 2, 1966.  “Remarks at a Civic Meeting in Anchorage, Alaska.”  1966 Public Papers of the President.

Johnson, Lyndon.  November 4, 1966.  “The President’s News Conference.”  1966 Public Papers of the President.

Johnson, Lyndon.  November 28, 1966.  “President Johnson Returns to United States After 17 Day Trip to the Asian-Pacific Area.”  Department of State Bulletin, vol. LV, no. 1431.

Johnson, Lyndon.  April, 1968.  “President Johnson and President Chung Hee Park of Korea Confer at Honolulu, Hawaii.”  Department of State Bulletin, vol. LVIII, no. 1506.

Humphrey, Hubert.  July 15, 1966.  “A Perspective on Asia.”  Vital Speeches of the Day, vol. 32, no. 19.

McNamara, Robert.

Morton, Thruston,  May 23, 1967.  “Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam.”  Congressional Record.

Rusk, Dean.  1991.  As I saw It.  Chpts 9 and 21.  New York:  Penguin. 

North Korea Policy Preference, January 1968 to December 1968

Abbitt, Watkins.  January 25, 1968.  “Shocking Actions of the North Korean Government.”  Congressional Record. 

Adair, Edwin.  March 20, 1968.  “Strong Action Needed on The ‘Pueblo’ Incident.”  Congressional Record.

Anderson, John.  September 5, 1968.  “The ‘Pueblo’ Incident.” Congressional Record.    

Ashbrook, John.  January 25, 1968.  “We’ll Get Back the U.S.S. ‘Pueblo’ Even if We Have to Pay Full Price for It.”  Congressional Record. 

Bennett, Wallace.  January 24, 1968.  “‘Pueblo’ Incident—Another World War III, Communist-Style Battle.”  Congressional Record.

Brinkley, Jack.  January 25, 1968.  “We Should Get the U.S.S. ‘Pueblo’ and Its Crew.”  Congressional Record.

Bundy, McGeorge.  March 18, 1968.  “Assistant Secretary Bundy Interviewed on “Meet the Press.”  Department of State Bulletin, vol. LVIII, no. 1499.

Byrd, Robert. January 26, 1968.  “The Motives Behind the Korean Crisis.”  Congressional Record.   

Byrd, Robert.  January 26, 1968.  “A Time For Restraint.”  Congressional Record.

Cohelan, Jeffery.  February 1, 1968.  “U.S.S. “Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

Curtis, Carl.  May 2, 1968.  “Lest We Forget.”  Congressional Record. 

Dirksen, Everett.  January 29, 1968.  “The ‘Pueblo’ Affair.”  Congressional Record. 

Eastland, James.  February 28, 1968.  “Communist Boldness in the Far East.”  Congressional Record.

Edwards, William.  February 1, 1968.  “The ‘Pueblo’ Incident.”  Congressional Record. 

Findley, Paul.  January 29, 1968.  “Adjudicate—Or Else.”    Congressional Record. 

Gibbons, Sam.  July 26, 1968,  “U.S.S. ‘Pueblo’ and Crew.”  Congressional Record. 

Griffin, Robert.  January 29, 1968.  “The U.S.S. ‘Pueblo’ Incident.”  Congressional Record. 

Griffin, Robert.  January 31, 1968.  “The ‘Pueblo’ and the 3-Mile Limit.”  Congressional Record.

Gruening, Ernest.  January 26, 1968.  “The Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

Gurney, Edward.  January 25, 1968.  “‘Pueblo’ Incident.”  Congressional Record.

Hall, Durward.  January 23, 1968.  “Seizure of the U.S.S. ‘Pueblo’ by North Korean Torpedo Boats.”  Congressional Record. 

Hanna, Richard.  January 25, 1968.  “Congressman Pelly Calls for Naval Blockade of North Korea.”  Congressional Record. 

Hart, Philip.  January 25, 1968.  “The U.S.S. ‘Pueblo.”—A Necessary Reserve Callup.”  Congressional Record. 

Hart, Philip.   January 29, 1968.  “The U.S.S. ‘Pueblo’ Incident.”  Congressional Record. 

“House Report on the Military.”  September 11, 1968.  Congressional Record.

Javits, Jacob.  January 24, 1968.  “Seizure of the U.S.S. ‘Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

Johnson, Lyndon.  January 26, 1968.  “The President’s Address to the Nation:  The Situation With North Korea.”  1968 Public Paper of the President.

Johnson, Lyndon.  February 2, 1968.  “The President’s News Conference.”  1968 Public Paper of the President.

Johnson, Lyndon.  February 12, 1968.  “Address by President Johnson.”  Department of State Bulletin, vol. LVIII, no. 1494.

Johnson, Lyndon.  April 17, 1968.  “Joint Statement Following Discussion With President Park of Korea.”  1968 Public Paper of the President.

Johnson, Lyndon.  May 3, 1968.  “The President’s News Conference.”  1968 Public Paper of the President.

Johnson, Lyndon.  December 21, 1968.  “Statement by the President on the Release of the Crew of the U.S.S. Pueblo.”  1968 Public Paper of the President.

Kuchel, Thomas.  January 25, 1968.  “The U.S.S. ‘Pueblo.”—A Necessary Reserve Callup.”  Congressional Record. 

Kuykendall, Dan.  January 29, 1968.  “Seizure of the U.S.S. ‘Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

Long, Russell.  January 29, 1968.  “The ‘Pueblo” Affair.”  Congressional Record.

Long, Russell.  January 29, 1968.  “The U.S.S. ‘Pueblo’ Incident.”  Congressional Record. 

Mansfield, Michael.  January 29, 1968.  “The ‘Pueblo’ Affair.”  Congressional Record.

McGee, Gale William.  January 25, 1968.  “The ‘Pueblo’ Incident.”  Congressional Record. 

McGee, Gale William.  January 26, 1968.  “The Motives Behind the Korean Crisis.”  Congressional Record. 

McGee, Gale William.  January 29, 1968.  “The Motives Behind the North Korean Seizure of the ‘Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

McNamara, Robert.  February 26, 1968.  “Secretary Rusk and Secretary of Defense McNamara Discuss Viet-Nam and Korea on “Meet the Press.”  Department of State Bulletin, Vol. LVIII, no. 1496.

Mundt, Karl.  January 29, 1968.  “The U.S.S. ‘Pueblo’ Incident.”  Congressional Record. 

“Other Government Statements.”  Department of State Bulletin, vol. LVIII, no. 1494.

Pell, Claiborne.  January 25, 1968.  “The U.S.S. ‘Pueblo.”—A Necessary Reserve Callup.”  Congressional Record. 

Pelly, Thomas.  January 25, 1968.  “Congressman Pelly Calls for Naval Blockade of North Korea.”  Congressional Record. 

Percy, Charles.  July 3, 1968.  “The ‘Pueblo’ Incident.”  Congressional Record. 

Rarick, John.  March 11, 1968.  “The ‘Pueblo’ Incident:  Patterns for More?”  Congressional Record. 

Rusk, Dean.  February 26, 1968.  “Secretary Rusk and Secretary of Defense McNamara Discuss Viet-Nam and Korea on “Meet the Press.”  Department of State Bulletin, Vol. LVIII, no. 1496.

Rusk, Dean.  March 4, 1968.  “Our Concern for Peace in East Asia.”  Department of State Bulletin, vol. LVIII, no. 1497.

Rusk, Dean.  July 8, 1968.  “Secretary Rusk’s News Conference.”  Department of State Bulletin,vol. LIX, no. 1515.

Rusk, Dean.  1991.  As I saw It.  Chpt. 24.  New York:  Penguin. 

Scherle, William.  March 27, 1968.  “The ‘Pueblo’:  How Long?”  Congressional Record. 

Scherle, William.  May 1, 1968.  “The ‘Pueblo’:  How Long, Mr. President?”  Congressional Record. 

Scherle, William.  July 3, 1968.  “Independence Day and the Crew of the ‘Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

Scott, Hugh.  January 25, 1968.  “Seizure of U.S.S. ‘Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

Shriver, Garner.  April 11. 1968.  “The U.S.S. ‘Pueblo’ and Its Crew.”  Congressional Record.

Stanton, John.  January 23, 1968.  “The Seizure of the U.S. Patrol Boat ‘Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

Stennis, John.  January 24, 1968.  “Seizure of the U.S.S. ‘Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

Stratton, Samuel.  January 24, 1968.  “Piracy in North Korean Waters—The Most Serious Challenge to America’s Role as a World Power Since the Cuban Missile Crisis.”  Congressional Record. 

Talmadge, Herman.  January 24, 1968.  “Seizure of the U.S.S. ‘Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

Thurmond, Strom.  January 23, 1968.  “Seizure of the U.S.S. ‘Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

Thurmond, Strom.  January 30, 1968.  “The Situation in Southeast Asia.”  Congressional Record. 

Thurmond, Strom.  April 23, 1968.  “The Seizure of the ‘Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

Tower, John.  January 26, 1968.  “The U.S.S. ‘Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

Tydings, Joseph.  January 25, 1968.  “The U.S.S. ‘Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

VanderJagt, Guy.  July 23, 1968.  “We Will Get the ‘Pueblo’ and Its Crew Back.”  Congressional Record.  

Waggonner, Joseph (Jr.).  January 25, 1968.  “The Wait for the Facts on the ‘Pueblo’ Incident.”  Congressional Record. 

Whitener, Basil.  January 29, 1968.  “U.S.S. ‘Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

Wilson, Bob.  April 24, 1968.  “The ‘Pueblo’ Incident.”  Congressional Record.

Wyman, Louis.  January 29, 1968.  “Communism is Still America’s Mortal Enemy.”  Congressional Record. 

Young, Stephen.  April 29, 1968.  “The ‘Pueblo.’”  Congressional Record. 

North Korea Image Indicators, 1992 to 1993

The following sources came from Lexis/Nexis Academic:

Aspin, Les.  January 6, 1992.  “Address by Representative Les Aspin to a Discussion Meeting of the Atlantic Council of the United States.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Aspin, Les.  February 18, 1992.  “Remarks by Representative Les Aspin to the Paul Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation.  Federal News Service.

Aspin, Les.  January 7, 1993.  “Hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee on the Confirmation for Rep. Les Aspin as Secretary of Defense.” 

Bently, Helen.  March 31, 1992.  “Radio Free Asia.”  Congressional Record.

Biden, Joseph.  March 31, 1992.  “Hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on US Policy in Indochina.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Biden, Joseph.  June 16, 1992.  “American Agenda for the New World Order.”  Congressional Record.

Bingamon, Jesse.  February 13, 1992.  “Hearing of the Subcommittee on Technology and National Security of the Joint Economic Committee on the Arms Trade and Proliferation.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Broomfield, William.  February 6, 1992.  “Hearing of the House Foreign Affairs Committee on US Foreign Policy.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Broomfield, William.  March 5, 1992.  “What President Bush Should do At This Critical Moment.”  Congressional Record.

Brown, George. September 30, 1992.  “Commonwealth of Independent States Scientists Immigration Act.”  Congressional Record.

Campbell, Thomas.  March 31, 1992.  “Increase Broadcasts to Asia.”  Congressional Record.

Christopher, Warren.  January 13, 1993.  “Hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on the Confirmations for Warren Christopher.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Cranston,  Alan.  January 14, 1992.  “Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs on the Threat of North Korean Nuclear Proliferation.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Cranston, Alan.  February 6, 1992.  “Hearing of the East Asian and Pacific Affairs Subcommittee:  US Policy Towards North Korea.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Cranston, Alan.  March 31, 1992.  “Hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on US Policy in Indochina.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

D’Amato, Alfonse.  March 3, 1992.  “Commission on Broadcasting to China.”  Congressional Record.

Deconcini, Dennis.  March 26, 1992.  The Right Direction Toward Malawi.”  Congressional Record.

Dole, Robert.  October 7, 1992.  “Republic of China’s Representaqtive Ding Mou-Shih Addresses the Chautauqua Institution.”  Congressional Record.

Durenberger, David.  April 1, 1992.  “United States Aid to Former Soviet Union.”  Congressional Record.

Fascell, Dante.  February 6, 1992.  “Hearing of the House Foreign Affairs Committee on US Foreign Policy.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Fascell, Dante.  October 29, 1992.  “Human Rights and Democracy.”  Congressional Record.

Gates, Robert.  March 12, 1992.  “Remarks by CIA Director Robert Gates to the Nixon Library.”  White House News Briefing.  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Gates, Robert.  March 21. 1992.  “Lunchyeon Address by Robert Gates, Director of CIA to the Center for the Study of the Presidency.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation.  Federal News Service.

Gore, Al.  March 26, 1992.  “Global Climate Protection Act.”  Congressional Record.

Hamilton, Lee.  January 22, 1992.  “Strategic Defense Initiative.”  Congressional Record.

Hatch, Orin.  September 8, 1992.  “Radio Free Asia Commission Report.”  Congressional Record.

James, Craig.  March 4, 1992.  “Lessons of History Warn Against Excessive Defense Spending Cuts.”  Congressional Record.

Kerrey, Robert.  January 5, 1993.  “Statement of the Report of the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs.”  Congressional Record.

Kyl, Jon.  August 6, 1992.  “Freedom Support Act of 1992.”  Congressional Record.

Lagomarsino, Robert.  July 8, 1992.  Hearing of the House Foreign Affairs Committee on the Review of Developments in Asia.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Leach, Jim.  July 22, 1992.  “House Foreign Affairs Committee on Arms Control, International Security and Science.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

McCain, John.  January 30, 1992.  “Senate Resolution 266—Relating to the Arms Cargo of the North Korean Merchant Ship “Dae Humg Ho.”  Congressional Record.

Metzenbaum, Howard.  March 26, 1992.  “Dire Emergency Supplemental appropriations, Fiscal Year 1992.  Congressional Record.

Nowak, Henry.  July 22, 1992.  “The 33^rd Anniversary of Captive Nations Week.”  Congressional Record.

Nunn, Samuel.  “Hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee on International Security Environment.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Pell, Claiborne.  May 6, 1992.  “Senator Biden Writes on America’s Role in the New World Order.”  Congressional Record.

Pell, Claiborne.  September 30, 1992.  “Governor Clinton Sets Forth His Vision for “American Foreign Policy and the Democratic Ideal.’”  Congressional Record.

Powell, Colin (General).  February 5, 1992.  “Hearing of the House Budget Committee.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation.  Federal News Service.

Pressler, Larry.  January 30, 1992.  “Senate Concurrent Resolution 91—Relative to Surrogate Broadcasting to Asia.”  Congressional Record.

Reid, Harry.  February 27, 1992.  “Response to ‘From Deterrence to Denuking.’”  Congressional Record.

Richardson, Bill.  February 5, 1992.  “News Conference Announcig the Introduction of the Cuba Democracy Act of 1992.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation.  Federal News Service.

Roth, William.  February 16, 1993.  “Export Administration Act Extension.”  Congressional Record.

Simms, Steve.  February 3, 1992.  “Hearing of the Senate budget Committee on Fiscal Year 1993 Defense Budget.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation.  Federal News Service.

Simon, Paul.  July 23, 1992.  “Captive Nations Week.”  Congressional Record.

Smith, Robert.  January 27, 1993.  “Vietnam’s Promise 20 Years Ago Today Remains Unfulfilled.”  Congressional Record.

Solarz, Stephen.  February 4, 1992.  “Remarks by Rep. Stephen J. Solarz To the Asia Society.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation.  Federal News Service.

Solarz,  Stephen.  February 25, 1992.  “Hearing of the Foreign Affairs Committee on Post bCold War Intelligence.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation.  Federal News Service.

Solarz, Stephen.  July 8, 1992.  Hearing of the House Foreign Affairs Committee on the Review of Developments in Asia.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Solarz, Stephen.  July 22, 1992.  “House Foreign Affairs Committee on Arms Control, International Security and Science.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Solomon, Gerald. July 8, 1992.  “Hearing of the House Foreign Affairs Committee on the Review of Developments in Asia.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Wirth, Timothy.  October 2, 1992.  “Setting the Record Straight on Iraq.”  Congressional Record.

Wolpe, Howard.  February 6, 1992.  “Hearing of the House Foreign Affairs Committee on US Foreign Policy.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Woolsey, James.  February 24, 1992.  “Hearing of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee on Nuclear Proliferation.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation.  Federal News Service.

North Korea Policy Preferences, 1993 to 1994

The following sources came from Lexis/Nexis Academic:

Ackerman, Gary.  November 15, 1993.  “US and south Korean Troops Engage in Joint Military Exercises; North Korea Protests, Calling Exercises Provocation.”  CBS News Transcripts.

Aspin, Les.  August 23, 1993.  “Veterans of Foreign Wars Convention.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Aspin, Les.  September 1, 1993.  Department of Defense News Conference.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Aspin, Les.  October 29, 1993.  “Press Briefing with Secretary of Defense Les Aspin.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Aspin, Les.  November 4, 1993.  “Defense Secretary Aspin Meets with Korean Leaders in Seoul.”  CBS This Morning.

Bereuter, Douglas.  August 20, 1994.  “A Bribery Approach in American Foreign Policy.”  Congressional Record.

Bond, Christopher.  November 22, 1993.  “Crisis on the Korean Peninsula.”  Congressional Record.

Bond, Christopher.  September 12, 1994.  “United States North Korea Nuclear Deal.”  Congressional Record.

Christopher, Warren.  November 15, 1993.  “News Conference concerning APEC.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Christopher, Warren.  November 17, 1993.  “Remarks by Secretary of State Warren Christopher Before the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Christopher, Warren.  November 19, 1993.  “News Conference of Participants at the APEC Conference.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Christopher, Warren.  November 21, 1993.  “This Week With David Brinkley.”  ABC News.

Christopher, Warren.  January 9, 1994.  This Week With David Brinkley. ABC News.

Christopher, Warren.  February 11, 1994.  “Newsmaker, Turbulence; Political Wrap.”  Educational Broadcasting and GWETA; The MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour.

Christopher, Warren.  February 16, 1994.  “North Korea Narrowly Averts U.N. Economic Sanctions.”  National Public Radio.

Christopher, Warren.  February 23, 1994.  “Testimony:  Honorable Warren Christopher, Secretary of State; Senate Foreign Relations – Foreign Policy Overview.”

Clinton, William.  February 24, 1993.  “Interview 10:00 am Tokyo Time.”  The MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour.

Clinton, William.  March 16, 1993.  “Press Briefing with Secretary of Defense Les

Clinton, William.  July 11, 1993.  “Remarks by the President in Question and Answer Session as Released by the White House.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Clinton, William.  July 12, 1993.  “President Relaxes in Hawaii Following G-7 Conference.” Morning Addition.  National Public Radio.

Clinton, William.  November 19, 1993.  “News Conference with President Bill Clinton Regarding APEC Summit.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Clinton, William.  November 23, 1993.  “News Conference with President Bill Clinton and South Korean President Kim Young Sam.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Clinton, William.  February 11, 1994.  “Press Conference with President Bill Clinton and Prime Minister Morihiro Howokawa of Japan Following Their Meetings.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Cohen, William.  January 22, 1994.  “Republican Response to President Clinton’s Saturday Radio Address.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

D’Amato, Alfonse.  January 25, 1994.  “Patriot Missiles for United States Forces in South Korea:  Which Version?”  Congressional Record.

D’Amato, Alfonse.  June 24, 1994.  “President Clinton’s Korea Policy.”  Congressional Record.

Dole, Robert.  February 22, 1994.  “Inspections in North Korea.”  Congressional Record.

Dole, Robert.  September 12, 1994.  “Talks with North Korea.”  Congressional Record.

Duncan, John.  June 10, 1994.  “The Korean Peninsula Situation.”  Congressional Record.

Gilman, Duncan.  11, 15, 1993.  “House Joint Resolution 292, the Introduction of Nuclear Nonproliferation in Korea Resolution.”  Congressional Record. 

Gingrich, Newton.  September 27, 1993.  Cable News Network, Inc.

Glickman, Daniel.  January 5, 1994.  “USIA Foreign Press Center Briefing.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Gregg, Judd.  January 29, 1994.  “Republican Response to President Clinton’s Saturday Radio Address.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Hamilton, Lee.  March 16, 1994.  “South Korea Ready to Participate in Team Spirit Waqr Games; Escalating Tension with North Following Inspectors’ Warning of Nuclear Capability.”  Burrelle’s Information Services.

Hamilton, Lee.  July 22, 1993.  “A Policy of East Asian Engagement.”  Congressional Record. 

Kassebaum, Nancy.  February 23, 1994.  Hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on foreign Policy Overview.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Lake, Anthony.  March 8, 1994. In Hamilton’s Speech:  “Anthony Lake on North Korea.”  Congressional Record. 

Lazio, Enrico.  March 26, 1993.  “North Korea’s Withdrawal From Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.”  Congressional Record. 

Lugar, Richard.  January 13, 1994.  “News Conference Concerning U.S. Policy Toward Russia and North Korea.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Lugar, Richard. January 27, 1994.  “Standing Guard; Piece by Piece; Family Matters.”  The MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour.

McCain, John.  March 3, 1993.  “Security Strategy and the Defense Budget.”  Congressional Record. 

McCain, John.  January 25, 1994.  “McCain (and Others) Amendment No. 1331.”  Congressional Record. 

McCain, John.  February 22, 1994.  “North Korea.”  Congressional Record. 

McCain, John.  June 7, 1994.  “McCain (and Dole) Amendment No. 1798.”  Congressional Record. 

McCain, John.  June 7, 1994.  “The Crisis in Korea.”  Congressional Record. 

McCollum, Ira.  June 14, 1994.  “The North Korean Situation.”  Congressional Record. 

McInnis, Scott.  March 22, 1994.  “Situation on the Korean Peninsula.”  Congressional Record. 

Mitchell, George.  November 7, 1993.  “Crisis on the Korean Peninsula.”  Congressional Record.

Murkowski, Frank.  November 20, 1993.  “Republican Response to President Clinton’s Saturday Radio Address.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Murkowski, Frank.  December 9, 1993.  “News Conference with Senator Frank Murkowski; Subject:  Nuclear Proliferation in North Korea.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Nunn, Samuel.  January 27, 1994.  “Standing Guard; Piece by Piece; Family Matters.”  The MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour.

Nunn, Samuel.  February 13, 1994.  “Nato’s Threat of Air Strikes Appears Persuasive, The Guns are Silent for Now in Sarajevo.”  The Late Edition.  CNN News.

Perry, William.  February 2, 1994.  “Testimony William S. Perry, Nominee Secretary of Defense in the Senate Armed Services Committee.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Perry, William.  November 10, 1994.  “Remarks of Secretary of Defense Willia Perry at the Freedom Forum.”  Defense Department Briefing.  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Powell, Colin.  September 1, 1993.  “Department of Defense News Conference.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Robb, Charles.  February 23, 1994.  Hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on foreign Policy Overview.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Woolsey, James.  March 5, 1993.  “North Korea Balks; UN Attempts to Inspect Military Sites; Fears Nuclear Proliferation.”  CBS Evening News.  CBS News Transcripts.

Woolsey, James.  April, 10, 1993.  North Korea Ready to Wheel and Deal with New Weapon.”  Cable News Network.

Woolsey, James.  July 28, 1993.  “Helping Hand; Crest Fallen; Under Attack; Dividing the Spoils; Profile.”  MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour.

Woolsey, James.  November 30, 1993.  “CIA Director James Woolsey.”  Larry King Live.  Cable News Network.

Woolsey, James.  January 25, 1994.  “Hearing of the Senate Select Intelligence Committee on World Trouble Spots.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

North Korea Image Indicators, 1997 to 1998

The following sources came from Lexis/Nexis Academic:

Albright, Madeline.  February 17, 1997.  “Cooling Off.”  The News Hour With Jim Lehrer.  MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.

Baucus, Max.  June 5, 1997.  “Press Conference With Senator Max Baucus on Asia Trip and U.S.-China Relations.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Baucus, Max.  October 22, 1997.  “Approaching the Clinton-Jiang Summit.”  Congressional Record.

Baucus, Max.  March 2, 1998.  “Supporting IMF Replenishment.”  Congressional Record.

Bereuter, Doug.  February 26, 1997.  “Testimony of Doug Bereuter Congressman in the House International Relations Committee on International Relations:  Asia and Pacific.”  Federal Document Clearing House.

Berger, Samuel.  February 17, 1997.  “Cooling Off.”  The News Hour With Jim Lehrer.  MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.

Berger, Samuel.  April 22, 1997.  “Berger Looks at Key Issues.”  Morning Edition.  NPR:  National Public Radio.

Berger, Samuel.  November 21, 1997.  “Peace Talks with North Korea to Take Place in Geneva Next Month.”  NBC Nightly News.  NBC News Transcripts.

Biden, Joseph.  July 31, 1997.  “North Korean Famine—A Human Tragedy and a Threat to Peace.”  Congressional Record.

Clinton, Bill.  April 25, 1997.  “President Clinton Holds Joint Press Conference with Prime Minister of Japan.”  CNN Special Event.  CNN.

Clinton, Bill.  April 26, 1997.  “Update on Hashimoto’s Visit to Washington:  Breakfast with Gore on Saturday; Tour Arlington Cemetery.”   CNN Saturday Morning News.  CNN.

Clinton, Bill.  October 9, 1997.  “All Things Considered.”  NPR.  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Clinton, William.  October 24, 1997.  “Clinton Re: China Policy.”  In Play.  CNNFN.

Clinton, William.  June 9, 1998.  “President Clinton Joint Press Conference with Republic of Korea President Kim Dae Jung.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Cochran, Thad.  October 21, 1997.  “Testimony of Thad Cochran Chairman Senate Governmental Affairs International Security, Proliferation, and Federal Services North Korean Weapons Proliferation.”  Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony.

Cohen, William.  Apil 10, 1997.  “Tensions Between North and South Korea Remain High as North Korean People Fight Starvation.”  NBC Nightly News.  NBC News Transcripts.

Cohen, William.  April 20, 1997.  “High-Ranking Communist Defects from North Korea with News of North Korea’s Readiness for War.”  NBC Nightly News.”  NBC News Transcripts.

Cohen, William.  July 9,  1998.  “Holds News Conference with South Korean Defense Minister Chun Yong-Taek.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Domenici, Pete.  April 8, 1997.  “Inside North Korea.”  The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer.  MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.

Faleomavaega, Eni Fa’aua’a Hunkin.  May 20, 1998.  “Halting the Nuclear Arms Race.”  Congressional Record.

Faleomavaega, Eni Fa'aua'a.  January 21, 1997.  “Nuclear Disarmament to Stop Nuclear Proliferation.”  Congressional Record.

Gibbons, James.  July 29, 1998.  “Protect United States from Nuclear Missile Attack.”  Congressional Record.

Goss, Porter.  August 12, 1997.  “N. Korea Visit.”  Morning Edition.  NPR:  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Goss, Porter.  September 3, 1997.  “Report on Codel to North Korea.”  Congressional Record.

Goss, Porter.  October 7, 1997.  “Clinton Foreign Policy Status Report.”  Congressional Record.

Gregg, Judd.  March 31, 1998.  “Testimony of Judd Greg (sic) Senate Appropriations Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary, and Related Agencies.”  Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony.

Hall, Tony.  April 8, 1997.  “Warnings of Wide-Scale Starvation in North Korea.”   CNN Wordview.  CNN.

Hall, Tony.  April 9, 1997.  “North Korea Famine.”  All Things Considered.  NPR: Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Hall, Tony.  April 15, 1997.  “North Korea Aid.”  All Things Considered.  NPR: Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Hall, Tony.  October 17, 1997.  “North Koreans Abduct Two.”  All Things Considered.  NPR:  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Hall, Tony.  March 30, 1998.  “Famine in North Korea.”  Congressional Record.

Hamilton, Lee.  June 16, 1997.  “United States-China Relations:  The Case For Engagement.”  Congressional Record.

Hamilton, Lee.  June 18, 1998.  “Good Advice on North Korea.”  Congressional Record.

Helms, Jesse.  April 24, 1997.  “Delivers Remarks on the Chemical Weapons Convention on the Floor of the Senate; Senate Foreign Relations Committee.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

“House Report on Trip to Asia Led by Speaker New Gingrich.”  April 10, 1997.  Various Members.  Congressional Record.

“House Holds Hearing on North Korea.”  June 8, 1997.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc. 

Hunter, Duncan.  June 18, 1997.  “National Security.”  Congressional Record.

Hutchinson,  Tim.  October 27, 1997.  “President Jiang Zemin’s State Visit.”  Congressional Record.

Inhofe, James.  June 19, 1997.  “National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998.”  Congressional Record.

Inouye, Daniel.  April 8, 1997.  “Inside North Korea.”  The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer.  MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.

Inouye, Daniel.  July 17, 1997.  “Prepared Testimony by Senator Dan Inouye Before the Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Immigration on Visa Waiver Pilot Program for Korean Nationals.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.”

Kyl, Jon.  July 31, 1998.  “The Rumsfeld commission Report.”  Congressional Record.

Leahy, Patrick.  September 19, 1997.  “Banning Antipersonnel Landmines.”  Congressional Record.

McCollum, Bill.  June 10, 1997.  “House Judiciary Crime Banning Transactions with Terrorist Countries.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

McConnell, Addison.  June 16, 1998.  “Prepared Testimony by Mitch McConnell, US Senator Before the Senate Appropriations Committee.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Menendez, Robert.  January 29, 1997.  “Testimony Robert Menendez Congressman Seant3e Foreign Relations U.N. Representative Nomination.”  Federal Document Clearing House.

Moran, Jerry.  May 19, 1998.  “Open Markets, Remove Sanctions and Aggressively Promote Agricultural Exports.”  Congressional Record.

Murkowski, Frank.  June 25, 1998.  “Missile Sales by North Korea.”  Congressional Record.

Pitts, Joseph.  May 6, 1998.  “Prison Camp Torture in North Korea.”  Congressional Record.

 “Senate Holds News Conference with Other Members of the Senate to Discuss Their Trip to North and South Korea.”  April 11, 1997.  Various Senators.  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

“Senate Holds Hearing on North Korea.”  October 21, 1997.  Various Senators.  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Skelton, Isaac.  April 30, 1998.  “Combating Terrorism:  Testimony Before the Subcommittee on National.”  Congressional Record.

Spence, Floyd.  February 12, 1998.  “Prepared Statement of Floyd Spence, Chairman Before the House National Security Committee Open Hearing on the Threats to U.S. National Security Interests.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Spence, Floyd.  March 30, 1998.  “Theater Missile Defense Improvement Act of 1998.”  Congressional Record.

Stark, Fortney.  March 4, 1998.  “The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Policy Act of 1998.”  Congressional Record.

Thomas, Craig.  July 8, 1997.  “Testimony Craig Thomas Chairman Senate Foreign Relations East Asian and Pacific Affairs.”  Federal Document House Congressional Testimony.

Thomas, Craig.  June 14, 1998.  “Hearing of the East Asian and Pacific Affairs Subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.” Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Thurmond, Strom.  March 3, 1998.  “Prepared Testimony of Senator Strom Thurmond Before the Senate Armed Services Committee.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Traficant, James.  June 17, 1998.  “We Must Deal With North Korean Missile Sales.”  Congressional Record.

Weldon, Wayne.  May 5, 1998.  “Discussion of Issues Affecting National Security.”  Congressional Record.

North Korea Policy Preferences, 1998 to 2000

The following sources came from Lexis/Nexis Academic:

Akaka, Daniel.  October 1, 1999.  “U.S. Policy Towards North Korea.”  Congressional Record.

Albright, Madeleine.  September 11, 1998.  “Holds Media Availability with South Korean Foreign Minister.”  Federal Document Clearing House.

Allard, Wayne.  Sept 9, 1998.  “American Missile Protection Act of 1998—Motion to Proceed.”  Congressional Record. 

Bereuter, Doug.  March 2, 1999.  “East Asia and Missile Defense System.”  Congressional Record. 

Bereuter, Doug.  June 22, 1999.  “North Korea Experience Dictates Caution.”  Congressional Record. 

Berger, Sandy.  November 21, 1998.  “Special White House Press Briefing with National Security Advisor Sandy Berger.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Biden, Joseph.  June 22, 2000.  “Coping with a Changing Korean Peninsula:  Avoiding Rigidity and Irrational Exuberance.”  Congressional Record.

Biden, Joseph.  October 19, 2000.  “Testing North Korea’s Commitment to Peace.”  Congresional Record.

Bingaman, Jesse.  October 25, 2000.  “President Kim Dae Jung and the Nobel Peace Prize.”  Congressional Record.

Burns, Conrad.  February 22, 1999.  “National Missile Defense Act of 1999.”  Congressional Record.

Chabot, Steve.  March 3, 1999.  “United States Vulnerable to Ballistic Missile Attacks.”  Congressional Record.

Chabot, Steve.  September 15, 1999.  “America’s Vulnerability to Missile Attack.”  Congressional Record.

Clinton, Bill.  January 19, 1999.  “Annual Report to Congress on the State of the Union—Message from the President.”  Congressional Record.

Clinton, Bill.  November 10, 1999.  “Continuation of National Emergency with Regard to Weapons of Mass Destruction—Message from the President of the United States.”  Congressional Record.

Clinton, Bill.  January 27, 2000.  “The State of the Union Address by the President of the United States.”  Congressional Record.

Cochran, William.  March 15, 1999.  “National Missile Defense Act of 1999.”  Congressional Record.

Cohen, William.  September 14, 1998.  “Remarks by Defense Secretary William Cohen at a Photo Opportunity with Members of the Japanese Diet.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Cohen, William.  November 23, 1998.  “News Conference with U.S. Defense Secretary William Cohen on the Department of Defense’s East Asia Strategy.”  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Cohen, William.  January 14, 1999.  “Defense Secretary William Cohen Focusing on Increased Military Tensions in Japan and South Korea.”  NPR.

Cohen, William.  January 14, 1999.  “Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen Press Conference.”  Defense Department Briefing.  Federal Information Systems Corporation; Federal News Service.

Cunningham, Randall.  September 16, 1998.  “We Need Antimissile Defense.”  Congressional Record.

Dorgan, Byron.   June 12, 2000.  “Sanctions of Food and Medicine.”  Congressional Record.

Gibbons, James.  October 20, 1998.   “America’s Vulnerability to Ballistic Missile Attack.”  Congressional Record.

Gilman, Benjamin.  Sept 24, 1998.  “Testimony of Benjamin A. Gilman Congressman House International Relations U.S. Policy Toward North Korea.”  Capitol Hill Hearing Testimony.  Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony.

Gilman, Benjamin.  May 19, 1999.  “Introduction of H.R. 1835 North Korea Threat Reduction Act of 1999.”   Congressional Record.

Gilman, Benjamin.  November 5, 1999.  “The North Korea Advisory Group.”  Congressional Record.

Gilman, Benjamin.  July 19, 2000.  “North Korea Nonproliferation Act of 2000.”  Congressional Record.

Goss, Porter.  October 14, 1998.  “Clinton Foreign Policy—A Cause for Alarm.”  Congressional Record.

Grams, Rod.  February 23, 1999.  “National Missile Defense.”  Congressional Record.

Hall, Tony.  November 17, 1998.  “U.S. Representative Tony Hall Holds News Conference on His Trip to North Korea.”  Federal Document Clearing House, Inc.

Hall, Tony.  September 21, 1999.  “North Korea Sanctions.”  Congressional Record.

Hall, Tony.  November 3, 1999.  “U.S. Policy Toward North Korea.”  Congressional Record.

Hall, Tony.  June 15, 2000.  “Korean Summit.”  Congressional Record.

Hayworth, John.  March 24, 1999.  “We Need Straight Answers From Our Administration and From our Commander in Chief.”  Congressional Record.

Hayworth, John.  June 15, 1999.  “Growing Crisis on the Korean Peninsula.”  Congressional Record.

Helms, Jesse.  October 6, 1998.  “Testimony by Jesse Helms Senator Senate Foreign Relations Ballistic Missile Threats.”  Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony.

Hunter, Duncan.  September 24, 1998.  “National Security.”  Congressional Record.

Hunter, Duncan.  February 2, 1999.  “A Response to the President’s Presentation of the Defense Budget to Congress.”  Congressional Record.

Kerrey, Robert.  October 15, 1998.  “Foreign Policy:  An Unfinished Agenda.” Congressional Record.

Kerrey, Robert.  February 24, 2000.  “Confronting Nuclear Threats.”  Congressional Record.

Knollenberg, Joseph.  June 9, 1999.  “Failed Clintonb Administration Policy on North Korea.”  Congressional Record.

Murkowski, Frank.  September 25, 1998.  “North Korea Missile Test.”  Congressional Record.

Murkowski, Frank.  October 27, 2000.  “North Korea.”  Congressional Record.

Nethercutt, George.  May 5, 1999.  “The Policy of Not Using Food as a Weapon is Good Policy.”  Congressional Record.

Pitts, Joseph.  May 18, 1999.  “Human Rights Violations in North Korea.”  Congressional Record.

Royce, Edward.  March 18, 1999.  “Defending our Nation.”  Congressional Record.

Schaffer, Robert.  October 8, 1998.  “National Missile Defense System.”  Congressional Record.

Schaffer, Robert.  February 9, 1999.  “End our Vulnerability to Long-Range Ballistic Missile Attack.”  Congressional Record.

Schaffer, Robert.  March 17, 1999.  “The Rumsfeld Commission.”  Congressional Record.

Schaffer, Robert.  May 12, 1999.  “A Dangerous Time for America.”  Congressional Record.

“[Senate Debate on the] National Missile Defense Act of 1999.”  Congressional Record.

Shelton, Hugh.  October 6, 1998.  “Testimony of General H. Shelton Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff on Worldwide Military Threats.”  Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony.

Thomas, Craig.  September 10, 1998.  “Testimony of Craig Thomas Chairman Senate Foreign Relations on North Korea and Nuclear Proliferation.”  Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony.

Thurmond, Strom.  October 2, 1998.  “Testimony Strom Thurmond Senate Armed Services on Ballistic Missile Defense Programs.”  Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony.

Weldon, Wayne.  October 6, 1998.  “Underfunding of our National Military and Our Nationa Security Apparatus.”  Congressional Record.

Weldon, Wayne.  September 15, 1999.  “Security Issues Facing our Country.”  Congressional Record.

APPENDIX

MEASUREMEMT INSTRUMENT A

Name__________________________________________________________________

Title___________________________________________________________________

Party Affiliation__________________________________________________________

IMAGE INDICATORS

Capability (highlighted in yellow)

1.      Military strength and capability

a.       The country’s offensive and defensive military potential

b.      The government’s control over the military

c.       The likelihood that the country would resort to the use of military force to achieve its goals

d.      Whether the country’s military force was superior, equal, or inferior to the U.S. military force

e.       The country’s capability of using, and willingness to use, military force

f.        The country’s reliance on another country’s extended military capability (deterrence)

g.       Military assets obtained from a “parent” state

h.       Superpower conflict part of state’s military capability

i.         Military policy dictated by “parent” state

2.      Domestic policy

a.       The country’s government structure (open or closed)

b.      The government’s effectiveness and efficiency in implementing policy

c.       The organization, size and strength of the government’s opposition

d.      The government’s ability to carry out a policy, achieve a goal, or abide by a agreement

e.       Whether the decision structure was multitiered or monolithic (monolithic countries are assumed to be more capable since they do not have to please their publics, interest groups, or bureaucratic interests)

f.        Domestic policy that relies on or originates with another state

3.      Economic characteristics

a.       The capacity and stability of the country’s economy (industrial potential, agricultural self-sufficiency, growth rate, potential for growth and development)

b.      The interaction between the U.S. economy and the other country’s economy (permeability of other economy; threat to or opportunity for the United States)

c.       The country as recipient or provider of international aid

d.      The reliance on another country for economic stability

Culture (highlighted in orange)

1.      Comparison of culture to U.S. and/or international culture

                        (perception of similarity implies a positive affect with low or not threat)

2.      Cultural sophistication

            (includes social norms, literacy, religion, standard of living, scientific and technological capabilities, racial composition, nationalism and the public-mindedness of citizens)

Intentions (highlighted in pink)

1.      Goals and motives

a.       Leaders pursuance of their goals

b.      Leaders’ and citizens’ motives

c.       Compatibility of goals with U.S. goals

2.      Flexibility

a.       Leader’s willingness to bargain, change tactics, and shift policy in response to U.S. initiatives

b.      The country’s flexibility

c.       The linking of flexibility with cause (nationalism, imperialism, etc.)

3.      Supportiveness of U.S. goals and policies

4.      Supportive of another state’s goals and policies

3.     Whether decision structure is multi-tiered or monolithic (those seen as multi-tiered are seen as less threatening)

4.     State’s goals and policies influenced by “parent” state

Event scripts (highlighted in blue)

1.      Lessons from history

a.       Historical incident used as analogy to explain current conflict

b.      Historical incident used as lesson regarding appropriateness of techniques for dealing with conflict or issue at hand

2.      Predictions about country’s behavior or the outcome of conflicts

Response alternatives (highlighted in purple)

1.      Instruments deemed appropriate for use in a conflict with the country (includes military threat or actual force, economic incentives to economic sanctions, diplomatic protests, bilateral and multilateral negotiations, or simply doing nothing; those perceived as weaker are dealt with in a more coercive fashion; sale or gift of military assets)

2.      Bargaining (those considered equal are dealt with as equals; inferiors are not bargained with)

3.      Past policies

a.       successes

b.      failures

4.      Call to superpower to intervene in crisis

5.      Domestic policy changes

MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT B

Name__________________________________________________________________

Title___________________________________________________________________

Party Affiliation__________________________________________________________

POLICY PREFERENCES

Towards the Dependent of the Enemy (highlighted in purple)

1.      Diplomatic exchanges

2.      Covert actions

3.      Economic sanctions

4.      Calls to the “enemy” to intercede

5.      Moves to arm a third party

Towards the Rogue State

1.  Retributive Actions (highlighted in green)

a.       Economic sanctions

b.      Military actions

c.       Blockades

d.      Coalition building

2.  Rehabilitative Actions (highlighted in blue)

a.       Diplomatic measures

b.      Reduction of sanctions

c.       Economic assistance

3.  Dual Actions (highlighted in pink)

a.       Create instability within government structure

b.      Restrictive treaties

c.       Containment strategies

POLICY MAKERS:  RANK & PARTY AFFILITATION

Iraq: 1969 to 1973

Abzug, Bella                                         Representative                                      Democrat

Annunzio, Frank                                   Representative                                      Democrat

Barrett, William                                    Representative                                      Democrat

Bayh, Birch                                          Senator                                                Democrat                    

Biaggi, Mario                                        Representative                                      Democrat

Boland, Edward                                   Representative                                      Democrat

Brasco, Frank                                      Representative                                      Democrat

Brooke, Edward                                   Senator                                                Republican

Case, Clifford                                       Senator                                                Republican

Celler, Emanuel                                    Representative                                      Democrat                    

Cohen, William                                     Representative                                      Republican

Cooper, John                                       Senator                                                Republican

Cramer, Wiliam                                    Representative                                      Republican

Cranston, Alan                                     Senator                                                Democrat

Dodd, Thomas                                     Senator                                                Democrat                    

Dole, Robert                                        Senator                                                Republican

Dorn, Jennings                                      Representative                                      Democrat

Eilberg, Joshua                                     Representative                                      Democrat

Farbstein, Leonard                               Representative                                      Democrat

Fascell, Dante                                       Representative                                      Democrat                    

Findley, Paul                                         Representative                                      Republican

Fong, Hiram                                         Senator                                                Republican

Frenzel, Bill                                          Representative                                      Republican

Friedel, Samuel                                     Representative                                      Democrat                    

Fulbright, James                                    Senator                                                Democrat

Goodell, Charles                                   Senator                                                Republican

Halpern, Seymour                                 Representative                                      Republican

Hamilton, Lee                                       Representative                                      Democrat

Harrington, Michael                              Representative                                      Democrat                    

Hartke, Rupert                                     Senator                                                Democrat

Holtzman, Elizabeth                              Representative                                      Democrat

Javits, Jacob                                         Senator                                                Republican

Jackson, Henry                                     Senator                                                Democrat        

Johnson, James                                     Representative                                      Republican

Keating, Wiliam                                    Representative                                      Republican

Kennedy, Edward                                Senator                                                Democrat

Kissinger, Henry                                   Vice President, NSA Advisor               Republican

Koch, Edward                                      Representative                                      Democrat

Kuykendall, Dan                                   Representative                                      Republican                  

Long, Clarence                                     Senator                                                Democrat

Lujan, Manuel                                      Representative                                      Republican      

Mansfield, Mike                                   Senator                                                Democrat

Maraziti, Joseph                                   Representative                                      Republican

McClure, James                                   Senator                                                Republican

McCormack, Mike                               Representative                                      Democrat        

McGovern, George                              Senator                                                Democrat

Mikva, Abner                                       Representative                                      Democrat        

Mizell, Wilmer                                      Representative                                      Republican

Mollohan, Robert                                 Representative                                      Democrat        

Mondale, Walter                                  Senator                                                Democrat

Montoya, Joseph                                  Senator                                                Democrat

Nixon, Richard                                     President                                              Republican

Owens, Wayne                                     Representative                                      Democrat

Pepper, Claude                                    Representative                                      Democrat        

Podell, Bertram                                    Representative                                      Democrat

Pucinski, Roman                                   Representative                                      Democrat        

Price, Robert                                        Representative                                      Republican

Rarick, John                                         Representative                                      Democrat        

Ribicoff, Abraham                                Senator                                                Democrat

Rogers, William                                    Secretary of State                                 Republican

Roncallo, Angelo                                  Representative                                      Republican

Roth, William                                        Senator                                                Republican

Ruppe, Philip                                        Representative                                      Republican

Ryan, William                                       Representative                                      Democrat        

Scott, Hugh                                          Senator                                                Republican

Scott, William                                       Senator                                                Republican

Schweiker, Richard                              Senator                                                Republican

Sikes, Robert                                       Representative                                      Democrat

Stevens, Ted                                        Senator                                                Republican

Symington, Stuart                                 Senator                                                Democrat                    

Talmadge, Herman                               Senator                                                Democrat

Thompson, Frank                                 Representative                                      Democrat        

Tunney, John                                        Senator                                                Democrat

Vanik, Charles                                      Representative                                      Democrat

Williams, Harrison                                Senator                                                Democrat

Wolff, Lester                                        Representative                                      Democrat

Zion, Roger                                          Representative                                      Republican      

Iraq:  1989 to 1991

Anderson, Glenn                                   Representative                                      Democrat

Aspin, Les                                            Representative                                      Democrat

Baker, James                                        Secretary of State                                 Republican

Baucus, Max                                        Senator                                                Democrat

Bentsen, Lloyd                                     Senator                                                Democrat

Bingaman, Jessie                                   Senator                                                Democrat                    

Bond, Christopher                                Senator                                                Republican

Boren, David                                        Senator                                                Democrat

Broomfield, William                              Representative                                      Republican

Brown, Hank                                        Representative                                      Republican

Bryan, Richard                                     Senator                                                Democrat

Bush, George                                       President                                              Republican

Byrd, Robert                                        Senator                                                Democrat

Cheney, Richard                                   Secretary of Defense                            Republican

Cochran, William.                                 Senator                                                Republican

Cohen, William                                     Senator                                                Republican

D’Amato, Alfonse                                Senator                                                Republican

DeFazio, Peter                                     Representative                                      Democrat

Dixon, Alan                                          Senator                                                Democrat

Dole, Robert                                        Senator                                                Republican

Dornan, Robert                                    Representative                                      Republican

Fascell, Dante                                       Representative                                      Democrat        

Gejdenson, Samuel                               Representative                                      Democrat

Gephardt, Richard                                Representative                                      Democrat

Gilchrest, Wayne                                  Representative                                      Republican

Gilman, Benjamin                                  Representative                                      Republican

Gingrich, Newton                                 Representative                                      Republican

Glickman, Daniel                                  Representative                                      Democrat

Glenn, John                                          Senator                                                Democrat

Gorton, Slade                                       Senator                                                Republican

Hamilton, Lee                                       Representative                                      Democrat        

Heinz, John                                           Senator                                                Republican      

Helms, Jessie                                        Senator                                                Republican

Hoyer, Steny                                        Representative                                      Democrat        

Hubbard, Carroll                                  Representative                                      Democrat        

Hyde, Henry                                         Representative                                      Republican

Inouye, Daniel                                      Senator                                                Democrat

Kasten, Robert                                     Senator                                                Republican

Kaptur, Marcy                                     Representative                                      Democrat

Kasich, John                                         Representative                                      Republican

Kennedy, Edward                                Senator                                                Democrat

Kerry, Robert                                       Senator                                                Republican

Kohl, Herbert                                       Senator                                                Democrat

Kostmayer, Peter                                 Representative                                      Democrat

Kyl, Jon                                               Representative                                      Republican

Lagomarsino, Robert                            Representative                                      Republican

Lantos, Tom                                         Representative                                      Democrat

Lautenberg, Frank                                Senator                                                Democrat

Leach, James                                        Representative                                      Republican

Leahy, Patrick                                      Senator                                                Democrat        

Levine, Meldon                                    Representative                                      Democrat

Lieberman, Joseph                                Senator                                                Democrat

Lugar, Richard                                      Senator                                                Republican

Montgomery, Sonny                             Representative                                      Democrat

McCain, John                                       Senator                                                Republican

Metzenbaum, Howard                          Senator                                                Democrat

Mikulski, Barbara                                 Senator                                                Democrat        

Miller, George                                      Representative                                      Democrat

Mitchell, George                                   Senator                                                Democrat

Murkowski, Frank                                Senator                                                Republican      

Owens, Douglas                                   Representative                                      Democrat

Pell, Claiborne                                      Senator                                                Democrat                    

Pressler, Larry                                      Senator                                                Republican

Quayle, Dan                                         Vice President                                      Democrat

Reid, Harry                                          Senator                                                Democrat

Robb, Charles                                      Senator                                                Democrat

Roberts, Charles                                   Representative                                      Republican

Rodriguez, Ciro                                    Representative                                      Democrat

Rogers, Harold                                     Representative                                      Republican

Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana                             Representative                                      Republican      

Sarbanes, Paul                                      Senator                                                Democrat        

Schumer, Charles                                 Representative                                      Democrat

Schroeder, Pat                                     Representative                                      Democrat

Scowcroft, Brent                                  NSA                                                    Republican

Shelby, Richard                                    Senator                                                Democrat

Simon, Paul                                          Senator                                                Democrat

Solarez, Stephen                                   Representative                                      Democrat

Solomon, Gerald                                  Representative                                      Republican

Specter, Arlen                                      Senator                                                Republican

Spratt, John                                          Representative                                      Democrat

Visclosky, Peter                                   Representative                                      Democrat

Warner, John                                        Senator                                                Republican

Webster, William                                  CIA Director                                        Republican      

Wilson, Pete                                         Senator                                                Republican

Yatron, Gus                                          Representative                                      Democrat                    

Iraq:  1997 to 1998

Abercrombie, Neil                                Representative                                      Democrat

Abraham, Spencer                                Senator                                                Republican

Albright, Madeleine                              Secretary of State                                 Democrat

Ashcroft, John                                      Senator                                                Republican

Bateman, Herbert                                 Representative                                      Republican      

Berger, Samuel                                     NSA Advisor                                       Democrat

Biden, Joseph                                       Senator                                                Democrat

Bonier, David                                       Representative                                      Democrat

Brown, Corrine                                    Representative                                      Democrat

Buyer, Stephen                                     Representative                                      Republican

Chabot, Steve                                      Representative                                      Republican

Cleland, Joseph                                    Senator                                                Democrat

Clement, Robert                                   Representative                                      Democrat

Clinton, William                                    President                                              Democrat

Cohen, William                                     Secretary of Defense                            Democrat

Conyers, John                                      Representative                                      Democrat

Dicks, Norman                                     Representative                                      Democrat

Edwards, Chet                                     Representative                                      Democrat

Engel, Eliot                                           Representative                                      Democrat

Enzi, Michael                                        Senator                                                Republican

Filner, Robert                                       Representative                                      Democrat

Fowler, Tillie                                        Representative                                      Republican

Frost, Martin                                        Representative                                      Democrat

Gephardt, Richard                                Representative                                      Democrat

Gibbons, James                                    Representative                                      Republican

Gilman, Benjamin                                  Representative                                      Republican

Gingrich, Newton                                 Representative                                      Republican

Glenn, John                                          Senator                                                Democrat

Gore, Al                                               Vice President                                      Democrat

Goss, Porter                                         Representative                                      Republican

Grams, Rod                                          Senator                                                Republican

Gregg, Judd                                          Senator                                                Republican

Hamilton, Lee                                       Representative                                      Republican

Hastings, Alcee Lamar                          Representative                                      Democrat

Hefley, Joel                                          Representative                                      Republican

Inhofe, James                                       Senator                                                Republican

John, Christopher                                 Representative                                      Democrat

Kerry, John                                          Senator                                                Democrat

Kyl, John                                              Senator                                                Republican

Lantos, Thomas                                    Representative                                      Democrat

Leahy, Patrick                                      Senator                                                Democrat

Levin, Carl                                           Senator                                                Democrat

Lieberman, Joseph                                Senator                                                Democrat

Livingston, Robert                                Representative                                      Republican

McCain, John                                       Senator                                                Republican

McCollum, Bill                                     Representative                                      Republican

McHale, Paul                                       Representative                                      Democrat

Murkowski, Frank                                Senator                                                Republican

Nadler, Jerrold                                     Representative                                      Democrat

Ortiz, Solomon                                     Representative                                      Democrat

Paul, Ronald                                         Representative                                      Republican

Porter, John                                          Representative                                      Republican

Reyes, Silverstre                                   Representative                                      Democrat

Rohrabacher, Dana                               Representative                                      Republican

Roybal-Allard, Lucille                           Representative                                      Democrat

Sanders, Bernard                                  Representative                                      Independent

Sanford, Marshall                                 Representative                                      Republican

Saxton, Jim                                           Representative                                      Republican

Sessions, Pete                                      Representative                                      Republican

Shelton, Hugh (General)                        Chair, Joint Chiefs of Staff                    Won’t Say

Sherman, Brad                                     Representative                                      Democrat

Skaggs, David                                      Representative                                      Democrat

Skelton, Ike                                          Representative                                      Democrat

Specter, Arlen                                      Senator                                                Republican

Spence, Floyd                                      Representative                                      Republican

Tenet, George                                      CIA Director                                        Democrat

Thurmond, Strom                                 Senator                                                Republican

Torricelli, Robert                                  Senator                                                Democrat

Warner, John                                        Senator                                                Republican

Waxman, Henry                                   Representative                                      Democrat

Weldon, Curt                                       Representative                                      Republican

Wexler, Robert                                     Representative                                      Democrat

North Korea, 1966 to 1968

Abbitt, Watkins                                    Representative                                      Democrat

Adair, Edwin                                        Representative                                      Republican

Anderson, John                                    Representative                                      Republican

Ashbrook, John                                    Representative                                      Republican

Bennett, Wallace                                  Senator                                                Republican

Brinkley, Jack                                       Representative                                      Democrat

Bundy, McGeorge                                Assistant Secretary of the State Dept.   Democrat

Byrd, Robert                                        Senator                                                Democrat

Cohelan, Jeffery                                    Representative                                      Democrat

Curtis, Carl                                           Senator                                                Republican

Dirksen, Everett                                    Senator                                                Republican

Dodd, Thomas                                     Senator                                                Democrat

Eastland, James                                    Senator                                                Democrat

Edwards, William                                 Representative                                      Republican

Findley, Paul                                         Representative                                      Republican

Gibbons, Sam                                       Representative                                      Democrat

Goldberg, Arthur                                  Ambassador to UN                              Unknown

Griffin, Robert                                      Senator                                                Republican

Gruening, Ernest                                   Senator                                                Democrat

Gurney, Edward                                   Representative                                      Republican

Hall, Durward                                       Representative                                      Republican

Hanna, Richard                                     Representative                                      Democrat

Hart, Philip                                           Senator                                                Democrat

Humphrey, Hubert                                Vice President                                      Democrat

Javits, Jacob                                         Senator                                                Republican

Johnson, Lyndon                                  President                                              Democrat

Kuchel, Thomas                                   Senator                                                Democrat

Kuykendall, Dan                                   Representative                                      Republican

Long, Russell                                        Senator                                                Democrat

Mansfield, Michael                               Senator                                                Democrat

McGee, Gale William                           Senator                                                Democrat

McNamara, Robert                              Secretary of Defense                            Democrat

Morton, Thruston                                 Senator                                                Republican

Mundt, Karl                                         Senator                                                Republican

Pell, Claiborne                                      Senator                                                Democrat

Pelly, Thomas                                       Representative                                      Republican

Percy, Charles                                      Senator                                                Republican

Rarick, John                                         Representative                                      Democrat

Rusk, Dean                                          Secretary of State                                 Democrat

Scherle, William                                    Representative                                      Republican

Scott, Hugh                                          Senator                                                Republican

Shriver, Garner                                     Representative                                      Republican

Stanton, John                                        Representative                                      Republican

Stennis, John                                        Senator                                                Democrat

Stratton, Samuel                                   Representative                                      Democrat

Talmadge, Herman                               Senator                                                Democrat

Thurmond, Strom                                 Senator                                                Republican

Tower, John                                         Senator                                                Republican

Tydings, Joseph                                    Senator                                                Democrat

VanderJagt, Guy                                   Representative                                      Republican

Waggonner, Joseph (Jr.)                       Representative                                      Democrat

Whitener, Basil                                     Representative                                      Democrat

Wilson, Bob                                         Representative                                      Republican

Wyman, Louis                                      Representative                                      Republican

Young, Stephen                                    Senator                                                Democrat

North Korea, 1992 to 1994

Ackerman, Gary                                   Representative                                      Democrat

Aspin, Les                                            Representative (1992-1993) and

                                                            Secretary of Defense (1993-1994)       Democrat

Bentley, Helen                                      Representative                                      Republican

Bereuter, Douglas                                 Representative                                      Republican

Biden, Joseph                                       Senator                                                Democrat

Bingaman, Jesse                                   Senator                                                Democrat

Bond, Christopher                                Senator                                                Republican

Broomfield, William                              Representative                                      Republican

Brown, George                                     Senator                                                Republican

Campbell, Thomas                                Representative                                      Republican

Christopher, Warren                             Secretary of State                                 Democrat

Cohen, William                                     Senator                                                Republican

Cranston, Alan                                     Senator                                                Democrat

D’Amato, Alfonse                                Senator                                                Republican

Deconcini, Dennis                                 Senator                                                Democrat

Dole, Robert                                        Senator                                                Republican

Durenberger, David                              Senator                                                Republican

Fascell, Dante                                       Representative                                      Democrat

Gates, Robert                                       CIA Director                                        Republican

Gingrich, Newton                                 Representative                                      Republican

Glickman, Daniel                                  Representative                                      Democrat

Gore, Al                                               Senator                                                Democrat

Gregg, Judd                                          Senator                                                Republican

Hamilton, Lee                                       Representative                                      Democrat

Hatch, Orrin                                         Senator                                                Republican

James, Craig                                         Representative                                      Republican

Kassebaum, Nancy                              Senator                                                Republican

Kerrey, Robert                                     Senator                                                Democrat

Kyl, Jon                                               Representative                                      Republican

Lagomarsino, Robert                            Representative                                      Republican

Lake, Anthony                                      NSA Advisor                                       Democrat

Lazio, Enrico                                        Representative                                      Republican

Leach, Jim                                            Representative                                      Republican

Lugar, Richard                                      Senator                                                Republican

Metzenbaum, Howard                          Senator                                                Democrat

McCain, John                                       Senator                                                Republican

McCollum, Ira (Bill)                              Representative                                      Republican

McInnis, Scott                                      Representative                                      Republican

Mitchell, George                                   Senator                                                Democrat

Murkowski, Frank                                Senator                                                Republican

Nowak, Henry                                     Representative                                      Democrat

Nunn, Samuel                                       Senator                                                Democrat

Pell, Claiborne                                      Senator                                                Democrat

Perry, William                                       Secretary of Defense (1994-1997)       Democrat

Powell, Colin (General)                         Chair, Joint Chiefs of Staff                    Republican

Pressler, Larry                                      Senator                                                Republican

Reid, Harry                                          Senator                                                Democrat

Richardson, Bill                                    Representative                                      Democrat

Robb, Charles                                      Senator                                                Democrat

Roth, William                                        Senator                                                Republican      

Symms, Steve                                       Senator                                                Republican

Simon, Paul                                          Senator                                                Democrat

Smith, Robert                                       Senator                                                Republican

Solarz, Stephen                                    Representative                                      Democrat

Solomon, Gerald                                  Representative                                      Republican

Wirth, Timothy                                     Senator                                                Democrat

Wolpe, Howard                                   Representative                                      Democrat        

Woolsey, James                                   CIA Director                                        Democrat

North Korea, 1997 to 2000

Albright, Madeleine                              Secretary of State                                 Democrat

Akaka, Daniel                                      Senator                                                Democrat

Allard, Wayne                                      Senator                                                Republican

Baucus, Max                                        Senator                                                Democrat

Bereuter, Doug                                     Representative                                      Republican

Berger, Samuel                                     NSA Advisor                                       Democrat

Biden, Joseph                                       Senator                                                Democrat

Bingaman, Jesse                                   Senator                                                Democrat

Burns, Conrad                                      Senator                                                Republican

Chabot, Steve                                      Representative                                      Republican

Clinton, William                                    President                                              Democrat

Cochran, William Thad                         Senator                                                Republican

Cohen, William                                     Secretary of Defense                            Democrat

Cunningham, Randall                            Representative                                      Republican

Domenici, Pete                                     Senator                                                Republican

Dorgan, Byron                                      Senator                                                Democrat

Faleomavaega, Eni Fa’aua’a                 Delegate                                               Democrat

Gibbons, James                                    Representative                                      Republican

Gilman, Benjamin                                  Representative                                      Republican

Goss, Porter                                         Representative                                      Republican

Grams, Rod                                          Senator                                                Republican

Gregg, Judd                                          Senator                                                Republican

Hall, Tony                                            Representative                                      Democrat

Hamilton, Lee                                       Representative                                      Democrat

Hayworth, John                                    Representative                                      Republican

Helms, Jesse                                         Senator                                                Republican

Hunter, Duncan                                    Representative                                      Republican

Hutchinson, Tim                                    Senator                                                Republican

Inhofe, James                                       Senator                                                Republican

Inouye, Daniel                                      Senator                                                Democrat

Kerrey, Robert                                     Senator                                                Democrat

Knollenberg, Joseph                             Representative                                      Republican

Kyl, Jon                                               Senator                                                Republican

Leahy, Patrick                                      Senator                                                Democrat

McCollum, Ira (Bill)                              Representative                                      Republican

McConnell, Addison                             Senator                                                Republican

Menendez, Robert                                Representative                                      Democrat        

Moran, Jerry                                        Representative                                      Republican

Murkowski, Frank                                Senator                                                Republican

Nethercutt, George                               Representative                                      Republican

Pitts, Joseph                                         Representative                                      Republican

Royce, Edward                                    Representative                                      Republican

Schaffer, Robert                                   Representative                                      Republican

Shelton, Hugh (General)                        Chair, Joint Chiefs of Staff                    Won’t Say

Skelton, Isaac                                       Representative                                      Democrat

Spence, Floyd                                      Representative                                      Republican

Stark, Fortney                                      Representative                                      Democrat

Thomas, Craig                                      Senator                                                Republican

Thurmond, Strom                                 Senator                                                Republican

Traficant, James                                    Representative                                      Democrat

Weldon, Wayne                                   Representative                                      Republican